Browsing by Author "Quesada-Ganuza, Laura"
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Item Do we know how urban heritage is being endangered by climate change? A systematic and critical review(2021-11) Quesada-Ganuza, Laura; Garmendia, Leire; Roji, Eduardo; Gandini, Alessandra; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAIt is worldwide accepted that climate change is affecting cities and that the conservation of the cultural heritage contributes to sustainable development. However, despite the high level of interest and research in climate-change risks on socioeconomic, urban and natural systems, studies that assess climate change impacts on urban cultural heritage and contribute to a holistic understanding on the subject present noticeable gaps in knowledge. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to assess the state-of- the-art of cultural heritage risk assessment methodologies within urban systems in the context of climate change, specifically historic urban areas. For this purpose, a systematic search was applied using Web of Science and Scopus. The search identified and characterized existing methodologies on vulnerability and risk assessment for cultural heritage in a changing climate following the PRISMA protocol, and it synthesized knowledge gaps to be addressed in the near future. This study aims to bring risk assessment methodologies closer to urban planners for more efficient climate change adaptation policies. The research concluded that there is an unbalance between the amount of methodologies for the different climate change derived hazards and their impacts on historic urban areas. The amount of methodologies focused on flooding highlights that further research is needed for other relevant hazards, like heat and cold waves, that contribute to a holistic perspective.Item A framework for risk assessment(Elsevier, 2023-01-01) Quesada-Ganuza, Laura; Garmendia, Leire; Gandini, Alessandra; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAClimate change is predicted to provoke a significant change in weather patterns and an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events that will test the vulnerability and resilience of the built environment. Therefore the adaptation of the buildings and infrastructures to the challenges presented by climate change becomes paramount for future sustainable conservation and development. The complexity of the interactions among the built system and the multiple and varied drivers of climate change highlights the need for a holistic and operative framework for assessing complex risks derived from climate change. A better understanding of these interactions and the factors that increase the vulnerability of the built environment is needed, including the capacity of adaptation and mitigation effectiveness of solutions and responses. This will support the subsequent design of interventions for a resilient built environment. With this goal in mind, this chapter aims to set the base for the framework of a holistic risk assessment. This chapter is divided into two main sections. The first one starts by introducing and reviewing basic concepts about climate change risk assessment, with a general outlook into risk assessment frameworks. The second section continues with the presentation of the main risks derived from climate change hazards, both direct and systemic, and the aspects of the built environment to be considered for a holistic risk assessment, mainly based on the new Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report. This chapter concludes with a final reflection into the inclusion of responses to climate change and solutions for adaptation as part risk assessment frameworks and the relevance of complex risk within those frameworks.Item HOW ARE HEAT WAVES PUTTING AT RISK HISTORIC URBAN AREAS? FIRST STEPS FOR DEVELOPING RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES(University of Cantabria - Building Technology R&D Group, 2022) Quesada-Ganuza, Laura; Garmendia, Leire; Rojí, Eduardo; Álvarez, Irantzu; Briz, Estibaliz; Gandini, Alessandra; Blanco, Haydee; Boffill, Yosbel; Lombillo, Ignacio; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAIt is worldwide accepted that climate change is affecting cities and that the conservation of the cultural heritage contributes to sustainable development. However, despite the high level of interest and research in climate-change risks, a holistic understanding of the risk that heat waves and heat urban island phenomena present to urban cultural heritage is noticeably absent from literature. Aside from understanding the impacts that heritage faces with climate change, the consideration of loss of heritage and cultural values and assets due to extreme heat waves will promote the resilience and sustainability of both social and built environmental systems. The aim of this paper is double, first to identify key performance indicators for risk assessment methodologies that address both the elements of historic urban areas as a system and the potential impact of prolonged heat waves. Second, this study aims at developing a categorization for both buildings and urban spaces within historic urban areas regarding their vulnerability to heat waves, which will be the basis for further risk assessment. For this twofold purpose, the interaction between urban spaces, heat waves, and the urban heat island is addressed as well as the vulnerability and behaviour of traditional materials and building typologies. To define the elements that conform historic urban areas, the system is addressed from two perspectives, as an urban system, and as a historic area. At the same time, for a holistic approach, every element of the system is assessed, distinguishing between socio-economic, cultural, governance (services and resources) and physical (gathering tangible characteristics of all infrastructures, elements and buildings) aspects. The indicators and categorization are, therefor, essential for the evaluation of the impacts of heat waves and the urban heat island on the elements that conform the system of the historic urban area.Item Prioritization Methodology for Resilience Enhancement of Historic Areas Facing Climate Change-Related Hazards(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Briz, Estibaliz; Garmendia, Leire; Quesada-Ganuza, Laura; Villaverde, Ane; Alvarez, Irantzu; Egusquiza, Aitziber; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAIt is demonstrated that climate change is leading to intense and frequent extreme events. As a consequence, the impact on cultural heritage has increased, accelerating its deterioration. Climate-related hazards that can affect historic areas are dependent on both the nature of the risk and the specific characteristics of the heritage that is under threat, as well as the inherent vulnerability of the geographical environment and historic area. Conservation interventions at historic sites are generally focused on improving their resilience and minimizing any long-term deterioration of materials and works of art. However, conservation interventions are rarely focused on responding to the threat of sudden damage during emergency management phases. In these scenarios, a quick response is crucial when selecting the most appropriate intervention from the different solutions and the very many factors that they may take into account. The aim of this research is to develop a multi-criteria prioritization methodology that supports the intervention decision. The prioritization methodology entailed the consideration of specific scenarios and hazard types and their characteristics and the application of MIVES methodology together with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Technical, socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental aspects were then weighted to produce a prioritization index for decision-making in response to each scenario.Item The Risk of Heat Waves to Historic Urban Areas. A GIS-Based Model for Developing a Risk Assessment Methodology(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Quesada-Ganuza, Laura; Garmendia, Leire; Alvarez, Irantzu; Briz, Estibaliz; Gandini, Alessandra; Olazabal, Marta; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAClimate change impacts such as extreme events and progressive global warming are threatening the conservation and livability of urban cultural heritage. Understanding climate risks on heritage should be part of policy and planning decision-making processes to increase resilience and sustainability of both social and built environmental systems. However, despite a large body of literature focusing on climate-related hazards, there is a noticeable knowledge gap regarding a holistic conceptualization of the risks in historic urban areas, which is particularly concerning in the case of the impacts of heat waves and heat urban island phenomena on urban heritage. The main goal of this study is to analyze and represent the interaction between urban spaces and heat waves via geographic information systems (GIS) data, considering the vulnerability of historic areas both as urban systems and as heritage areas. To frame a holistic approach, socioeconomic, cultural, governance (services and resources), and physical (gathering tangible characteristics of all infrastructures, elements, and buildings) aspects of the system are taken into account. To this end, key performance indicators addressing relevant vulnerable elements of historic urban areas are identified for the development of a risk assessment methodology. Complementary and as foundation for the risk assessment, a categorization of vulnerability to heat waves is proposed for both buildings and urban spaces. Here, the gathering and processing of data for the development of a GIS-based model in the historic area of Bilbao, Basque Country is presented. This work aims to serve as a basis and reference for future holistic assessments of heatwaves risks in historic urban areas worldwide.Item Vulnerability Assessment of Historic Areas to Heat Waves. The Case Study of Bilbao(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Quesada-Ganuza, Laura; Garmendia, Leire; Villaverde, Ane; Egiluz, Ziortza; Roji, Eduardo; Piñero, Ignacio; E&I SEGURAS Y RESILIENTESThe impacts of climate change, such as extreme events and progres-sive global warming, threaten the conservation and habitability of urban cultural heritage. Understanding climate risks to heritage must be part of planning and policy decision-making processes to increase the resilience and sustainability of both social and built environmental systems.. However, despite a large body of literature on climate-related hazards, there is a notable knowledge gap regarding a holistic conceptualization of hazards in historic urban areas, especially in the case of heat waves and urban heat island phenomena. The main goal of this study was to analyze and represent the interaction between historic built environment and heat waves via Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, considering the vulnerability of historic areas both as urban systems and as heritage areas. To frame a holistic approach, socio-economic, cul-tural, governance (services and resources) and physical (gathering tangible characteristics of all infrastructures, elements and buildings) aspects of the system are taken into ac-count. To this end, a multicriteria risk assessment methodology is developed. Key performance indicators, criteria and requirements addressing relevant vulnerable elements of historic urban areas are identified for the development of the methodology. Moreover, as the foundation for the risk assessment, a categorization based on vulnerability to heat waves is proposed for both buildings and urban spaces. Here, this methodology’s results and its application on a GIS-based model in the historic area of Bilbao (Basque Country, Spain) are presented. This work aims to be replicable and to serve as a reference for future holistic assessments of heatwaves risks in historic urban areas worldwide.