Browsing by Author "Marcano, Mauricio"
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Item Adaptable Emergency Braking Based on a Fuzzy Controller and a Predictive Model(IEEE, 2018-11) Alarcon, Leonardo Gonzalez; Vaca Recalde, Myriam Elizabeth; Marcano, Mauricio; Marti, Enrique; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; CCAMThis work presents the implementation of an adaptable emergency braking system for low speed collision avoidance, based on a frontal laser scanner for static obstacle detection, using a D-GPS system for positioning. A fuzzy logic decision process performs a criticality assessment that triggers the emergency braking system and modulates its behavior. This criticality is evaluated through the use of a predictive model based on a kinematic estimation, which modulates the decision to brake. Additionally a critical study is conducted in order to provide a benchmark for comparison, and evaluate the limits of the predictive model. The braking decision is based on a parameterizable braking model tuned for the target vehicle, that takes into account factors such as reaction time, distance to obstacles, vehicle velocity and maximum deceleration. Once activated, braking force is adapted to reduce vehicle occupants discomfort while ensuring safety throughout the process. The system was implemented on a real vehicle and proper operation is validated through extensive testing carried out at Tecnalia facilities.Item Experimental Validation of a Kinematic Bicycle Model Predictive Control with Lateral Acceleration Consideration(2019) Matute, Jose A.; Marcano, Mauricio; Diaz, Sergio; Perez, Joshue; CCAMNowadays, Automated Driving has a growing interest in the scientific and industrial automotive community. The vehicle motion planning is an essential procedure to obtain safe and comfortable trajectories, adapting the longitudinal speed to the road legal limits and mainly to avoid the excessive lateral accelerations along the journey. Typically, the proper speed of the vehicle is intrinsically related to the curvature of the path, requiring a previous approximation of this parameter in the planning stage. In this work, a novel procedure to follow a route trajectory and speed limits considering the lateral acceleration parameter is presented. A lateral jerk equation was developed and introduced into a kinematic bicycle model predictive control formulation. An adaptive speed weight equation that depends on the lateral acceleration is presented to improve the lateral positioning. A vehicle motion control simulation, developed in Dynacar, is validated with some real tests. The results show the capabilities of the proposed approach. An accurate vehicle motion control considers the lateral acceleration to avoid unfeasibility in optimization problem.Item From the Concept of Being “the Boss” to the Idea of Being “a Team”: The Adaptive Co-Pilot as the Enabler for a New Cooperative Framework: The adaptive co-pilot as the enabler for a new cooperative framework(2021-07-28) Marcano, Mauricio; Tango, Fabio; Sarabia, Joseba; Castellano, Andrea; Pérez, Joshué; Irigoyen, Eloy; Díaz, Sergio; CCAMThe “classical” SAE LoA for automated driving can present several drawbacks, and the SAE-L2 and SAE-L3, in particular, can lead to the so-called “irony of automation”, where the driver is substituted by the artificial system, but is still regarded as a “supervisor” or as a “fallback mechanism”. To overcome this problem, while taking advantage of the latest technology, we regard both human and machine as members of a unique team that share the driving task. Depending on the available resources (in terms of driver’s status, system state, and environment conditions) and considering that they are very dynamic, an adaptive assignment of authority for each member of the team is needed. This is achieved by designing a technology enabler, constituted by the intelligent and adaptive co-pilot. It comprises (1) a lateral shared controller based on NMPC, which applies the authority, (2) an arbitration module based on FIS, which calculates the authority, and (3) a visual HMI, as an enabler of trust in automation decisions and actions. The benefits of such a system are shown in this paper through a comparison of the shared control driving mode, with manual driving (as a baseline) and lane-keeping and lane-centering (as two commercial ADAS). Tests are performed in a use case where support for a distracted driver is given. Quantitative and qualitative results confirm the hypothesis that shared control offers the best balance between performance, safety, and comfort during the driving task.Item Lateral-acceleration-based vehicle-models-blending for automated driving controllers(2020-10-13) Matute-Peaspan, Jose A.; Marcano, Mauricio; Diaz, Sergio; Zubizarreta, Asier; Perez, Joshue; CCAMModel-based trajectory tracking has become a widely used technique for automated driving system applications. A critical design decision is the proper selection of a vehicle model that achieves the best trade-off between real-time capability and robustness. Blending different types of vehicle models is a recent practice to increase the operating range of model-based trajectory tracking control applications. However, current approaches focus on the use of longitudinal speed as the blending parameter, with a formal procedure to tune and select its parameters still lacking. This work presents a novel approach based on lateral accelerations, along with a formal procedure and criteria to tune and select blending parameters, for its use on model-based predictive controllers for autonomous driving. An electric passenger bus traveling at different speeds over urban routes is proposed as a case study. Results demonstrate that the lateral acceleration, which is proportional to the lateral forces that differentiate kinematic and dynamic models, is a more appropriate model-switching enabler than the currently used longitudinal velocity. Moreover, the advanced procedure to define blending parameters is shown to be effective. Finally, a smooth blending method offers better tracking results versus sudden model switching ones and non-blending techniques.Item Longitudinal Model Predictive Control with comfortable speed planner(IEEE, 2018-06-06) Matute, Jose A.; Marcano, Mauricio; Zubizarreta, Asier; Perez, Joshue; Calado, Joao; Bento, Luis Conde; Oliveira, Paulo; Costelha, Hugo; Lopes, Nuno; CCAMGuaranteeing simplicity and safety is a real challenge of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), being these aspects necessary for the development of decision and control stages in highly automated vehicles. Considering that a human-centered design is generally pursued, exploring comfort boundaries in passenger vehicles has a significant importance. This work aims to implement a simple Model Predictive Control (MPC) for longitudinal maneuvers, considering a bare speed planner based on the curvature of a predefined geometrical path. The speed profiles are constrained with a maximum value at any time, in such way that total accelerations are lower than specified constraint limits. A double proportional with curvature bias control was employed as a simple algorithm for lateral maneuvers. The tests were performed within a realistic simulation environment with a virtual vehicle model based on a multi-body formulation. The results of this investigation permits to determine the capabilities of simplified control algorithms in real scenarios, and comprehend how to improve them to be more efficient.Item Low Speed Longitudinal Control Algorithms for Automated Vehicles in Simulation and Real Platforms(2018) Marcano, Mauricio; Matute, José A.; Lattarulo, Ray; Martí, Enrique; Pérez, Joshué; CCAM; Tecnalia Research & InnovationAdvanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) acting over throttle and brake are already available in level 2 automated vehicles. In order to increase the level of automation new systems need to be tested in an extensive set of complex scenarios, ensuring safety under all circumstances. Validation of these systems using real vehicles presents important drawbacks: the time needed to drive millions of kilometers, the risk associated with some situations, and the high cost involved. Simulation platforms emerge as a feasible solution.Therefore, robust and reliable virtual environments to test automated driving maneuvers and control techniques are needed. In that sense, this paper presents a use case where three longitudinal low speed control techniques are designed, tuned, and validated using an in-house simulation framework and later applied in a real vehicle. Control algorithms include a classical PID, an adaptive network fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and a Model Predictive Control (MPC). The simulated dynamics are calculated using a multibody vehicle model. In addition, longitudinal actuators of a Renault Twizy are characterized through empirical tests. A comparative analysis of results between simulated and real platform shows the effectiveness of the proposed framework for designing and validating longitudinal controllers for real automated vehicles.Item Overtaking maneuver for automated driving using virtual enviroments(Springer, 2018) Lattarulo, Ray; Marcano, Mauricio; Perez, JoshueAmong the driving possible scenarios in highways, the over- taking maneuver is one of the most challenging. Its high complexity along with the interest in automated cooperative vehicles make this maneuver one of the most studied topics on the eld on last years. It involves a great interaction between both longitudinal (throttle and brake) and lat- eral (steering) actuators. This work presents a three phases overtaking path planning using B ezier curves, with special interest in the continuity of the curvature. Communication among the vehicles is also considered. Finally, the maneuver will be validated using Dynacar, a dynamic model vehicle simulator.Item A Review of Shared Control for Automated Vehicles: Theory and Applications(2020-12) Marcano, Mauricio; Diaz, Sergio; Perez, Joshue; Irigoyen, Eloy; CCAMThe last decade has shown an increasing interest on advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) based on shared control, where automation is continuously supporting the driver at the control level with an adaptive authority. A first look at the literature offers two main research directions: 1) an ongoing effort to advance the theoretical comprehension of shared control, and 2) a diversity of automotive system applications with an increasing number of works in recent years. Yet, a global synthesis on these efforts is not available. To this end, this article covers the complete field of shared control in automated vehicles with an emphasis on these aspects: 1) concept, 2) categories, 3) algorithms, and 4) status of technology. Articles from the literature are classified in theory- and application-oriented contributions. From these, a clear distinction is found between coupled and uncoupled shared control. Also, model-based and model-free algorithms from these two categories are evaluated separately with a focus on systems using the steering wheel as the control interface. Model-based controllers tested by at least one real driver are tabulated to evaluate the performance of such systems. Results show that the inclusion of a driver model helps to reduce the conflicts at the steering. Also, variables such as driver state, driver effort, and safety indicators have a high impact on the calculation of the authority. Concerning the evaluation, driver-in-the-loop simulators are the most common platforms, with few works performed in real vehicles. Implementation in experimental vehicles is expected in the upcoming years.Item A Speed Planner Approach Based On Bézier Curves Using Vehicle Dynamic Constrains and Passengers Comfort(IEEE, 2018-05) Lattarulo, Ray; Marti, Enrique; Marcano, Mauricio; Matute, Jose; Perez, Joshue; CCAM; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThis paper presents a speed profile generation approach for longitudinal control of automated vehicles, based on quintic Bézier curves. The described method aims to increase comfort level of passengers based on the ISO2631-1 specification, while taking into account vehicle dynamics and traffic rules to keep high safety levels. The algorithm has been tested in an in-house tool for high accuracy vehicle dynamics simulations, called Dynacar. The considered scenario is a closed circuit inside Tecnalia facilities. The resulting profile has better properties (for example, rate of change) than a raw input based on traffic speed limits. When used as reference for the speed controller, it improves both comfort and safety.Item Urban Motion Planning Framework Based on N-Bézier Curves Considering Comfort and Safety(2018) Lattarulo, Ray; González, Leonardo; Martí, Enrique; Matute, José; Marcano, Mauricio; Pérez, Joshue; CCAM; Tecnalia Research & InnovationIn last decades, great technology advances have been done related to the automotive sector, especially in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) developed to improve mobility in terms of comfort and safety during driving process; hence, automated driving is presented as an evolution of those systems in the present and upcoming years. The aim of this work is to present a complete framework of motion planning for automated vehicles, considering different constraints with parametric curves for lateral and longitudinal planners. Parametric Bézier curves are used as the core approach for trajectory design in intersections, roundabouts, and lane change maneuvers. Additionally, a speed planner algorithm is presented using the same parametric curve approach, considering comfort and safety. A simulation environment is used for testing the planning method in urban conditions. Finally, tests with the real platform in automated mode have been performed showing goods results.