Imatz-Ojanguren, EukeneKeller, ThierryImatz‐Ojanguren, Eukene2023-01Imatz-Ojanguren , E , Keller , T & Imatz‐Ojanguren , E 2023 , ' Evoked sensations with transcutaneous electrical stimulation with different frequencies, waveforms, and electrode configurations ' , Artificial Organs , vol. 47 , no. 1 , pp. 117-128 . https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.144000160-564Xresearchoutputwizard: 11556/1414Publisher Copyright: © 2022 International Center for Artificial Organ and Transplantation (ICAOT) and Wiley Periodicals LLC.Background: Current Perception Threshold (CPT) is a technique used for diagnostic purposes that applies sinusoidal currents transcutaneously at 5 Hz, 250 Hz, and 2KHz to preferentially excite C, Aδ, and Aβ afferent nerve fibers correspondingly. This fact may be interesting for evoking different electrotactile sensations for a wide variety of applications. Methods: Sensations evoked by 5 Hz, 250 Hz, and 2KHz frequencies; sinusoidal, square, and 250 μs-pulsed waveforms; and conventional and concentric electrode configurations were analyzed in 19 healthy volunteers. Stimuli were applied in the dorsum of the hand in a double-blind manner and CPTs were defined based on participants' verbal feedback. After each stimulus participants filled in a form with sensation modality, irradiation, intensity, and emotion descriptors. Results: The frequency showed a significant effect on the four domains of evoked sensations and the waveform showed a significant effect on the modality domain. For most waveform and electrode configuration combinations, 5 Hz evoked mostly a low-intensity prickling sensation; 250 Hz mostly evoked an uncomfortable medium-intensity tingling sensation; and 2KHz mostly evoked a low-intensity tingling sensation. No thermal or noxious sensations were evoked. A significant interaction effect was only found between the frequency and the waveform factors. The electrode configuration did not show either a significant effect on the evoked sensations or an interaction effect with the frequency or waveform type. Conclusions: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation may evoke different sensations at different frequencies due to the preferential activation of different fiber types. The results of these analysis could be used to enhance human-machine/computer-interaction systems based on electrotactile feedback.12enginfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccessjournal article10.1111/aor.14400CPTevoked sensationperceptiontranscutaneous electrical stimulationwaveformEvoked sensationPerceptionTranscutaneous electrical stimulationWaveformBioengineeringMedicine (miscellaneous)BiomaterialsBiomedical EngineeringFunding InfoThis research was supported by grants of the Basque Government through the EXAMINA project (KK‐2019/00047). The authors want to thank Gabriel Gaminde Perez and Igone Idigoras for their technical support during the study and to the volunteers for their participation.This research was supported by grants of the Basque Government through the EXAMINA project (KK‐2019/00047). The authors want to thank Gabriel Gaminde Perez and Igone Idigoras for their technical support during the study and to the volunteers for their participation.http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85138368739&partnerID=8YFLogxK