RT Journal Article
T1 Near-zero-waste processing of low-grade, complex primary ores and secondary raw materials in Europe: 												technology development trends
A1 Spooren, Jeroen
A1 Binnemans, Koen
A1 Björkmalm, Johanna
A1 Breemersch, Koen
A1 Dams, Yoko
A1 Folens, Karel
A1 González-Moya, María
A1 Horckmans, Liesbeth
A1 Komnitsas, Konstantinos
A1 Kurylak, Witold
A1 Lopez, Maria
A1 Mäkinen, Jarno
A1 Onisei, Silviana
A1 Oorts, Koen
A1 Peys, Arne
A1 Pietek, Grzegorz
A1 Pontikes, Yiannis
A1 Snellings, Ruben
A1 Tripiana, María
A1 Varia, Jeet
A1 Willquist, Karin
A1 Yurramendi, Lourdes
A1 Kinnunen, Päivi
AB With an increasing number of low-grade primary ores starting to be cost-effectively mined, we are at the verge of mining a myriad of low-grade primary and secondary mineral materials. At the same time, mining practices and mineral waste recycling are both evolving towards sustainable near-zero-waste processing of low-grade resources within a circular economy that requires a shift in business models, policies and improvements in process technologies. This review discusses the evolution towards low-grade primary ore and secondary raw material mining that will allow for sufficient supply of critical raw materials as well as base metals. Seven low-grade ores, including primary (Greek and Polish laterites) and secondary (fayalitic slags, jarosite and goethite sludges, zinc-rich waste treatment sludge and chromium-rich neutralisation sludge) raw materials are discussed as typical examples for Europe. In order to treat diverse and complex low-grade ores efficiently, the use of a new metallurgical systems toolbox is proposed, which is populated with existing and innovative unit operations: (i) mineral processing, (ii) metal extraction, (iii) metal recovery and (iv) matrix valorisation. Several promising novel techniques are under development for these four unit-operations. From an economical and environmental point of view, such processes must be fitted into new (circular) business models, whereby impacts and costs are divided over the entire value chain. Currently, low-grade secondary raw material processing is only economic and environmentally beneficial when the mineral residues can be valorised and landfill costs are avoided and/or incentives for waste processing can be taken into account.
SN 0921-3449
YR 2020
FD 2020-09
LK https://hdl.handle.net/11556/3450
UL https://hdl.handle.net/11556/3450
LA eng
NO Spooren , J , Binnemans , K , Björkmalm , J , Breemersch , K , Dams , Y , Folens , K , González-Moya , M , Horckmans , L , Komnitsas , K , Kurylak , W , Lopez , M , Mäkinen , J , Onisei , S , Oorts , K , Peys , A , Pietek , G , Pontikes , Y , Snellings , R , Tripiana , M , Varia , J , Willquist , K , Yurramendi , L & Kinnunen , P 2020 , ' Near-zero-waste processing of low-grade, complex primary ores and secondary raw materials in Europe : technology development trends ' , Resources, Conservation and Recycling , vol. 160 , 104919 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104919
NO Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)
NO This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme: Metal Recovery from Low-Grade Ores and Wastes Plus (METGROW+) [grant number 690088]. Project website: https://metgrowplus.eu . This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme: Metal Recovery from Low-Grade Ores and Wastes Plus (METGROW+) [grant number 690088]. Project website: https://metgrowplus.eu.
DS TECNALIA Publications
RD 30 jul 2024