RT Journal Article
T1 Limitations and information needs for engineered nanomaterial-Specific exposure estimation and scenarios: 												Recommendations for improved reporting practices
A1 Clark, Katherine
A1 Van Tongeren, Martie
A1 Christensen, Frans M.
A1 Brouwer, Derk
A1 Nowack, Bernd
A1 Gottschalk, Fadri
A1 Micheletti, Christian
A1 Schmid, Kaspar
A1 Gerritsen, Rianda
A1 Aitken, Rob
A1 Vaquero, Celina
A1 Gkanis, Vasileios
A1 Housiadas, Christos
A1 De Ipĩa, Jesús María López
A1 Riediker, Michael
AB The aim of this paper is to describe the process and challenges in building exposure scenarios for engineered nanomaterials (ENM), using an exposure scenario format similar to that used for the European Chemicals regulation (REACH). Over 60 exposure scenarios were developed based on information from publicly available sources (literature, books, and reports), publicly available exposure estimation models, occupational sampling campaign data from partnering institutions, and industrial partners regarding their own facilities. The primary focus was on carbon-based nanomaterials, nano-silver (nano-Ag) and nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), and included occupational and consumer uses of these materials with consideration of the associated environmental release. The process of building exposure scenarios illustrated the availability and limitations of existing information and exposure assessment tools for characterizing exposure to ENM, particularly as it relates to risk assessment. This article describes the gaps in the information reviewed, recommends future areas of ENM exposure research, and proposes types of information that should, at a minimum, be included when reporting the results of such research, so that the information is useful in a wider context.
SN 1388-0764
YR 2012
FD 2012-09
LA eng
NO Clark , K , Van Tongeren , M , Christensen , F M , Brouwer , D , Nowack , B , Gottschalk , F , Micheletti , C , Schmid , K , Gerritsen , R , Aitken , R , Vaquero , C , Gkanis , V , Housiadas , C , De Ipĩa , J M L & Riediker , M 2012 , ' Limitations and information needs for engineered nanomaterial-Specific exposure estimation and scenarios : Recommendations for improved reporting practices ' , Journal of Nanoparticle Research , vol. 14 , no. 9 , 970 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0970-x
NO Exposure scenarios were developed using the information from the literature survey, data from the NANOSH and Nano-Innov sampling campaigns, or from information provided by industry partners ( http://www.ttl.fi/partner/nanosh/Sivut/default.aspx) and (www.cea.fr). In some cases, output from exposure estimation models, such as ECETOC-TRA (ECETOC 20110 and ConsExpo www.rivm.nl), were used to supplement exposure scenarios. The NANOSH project (funded by the Framework Programme 6 of the European Commission) conducted air sampling at several worksites throughout Europe. The Nano-INNOV project, run by CEA (Comissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives) in France, collected samples at worksites and laboratories handling or generating ENMs throughout France. Once the development of the exposure scenarios was complete, the libraries containing the exposure scenarios and literature information were analyzed for completeness, breadth, and overall level of confidence in the exposure estimates. A quantitative analysis of the library is inherently limited by the nature of the information collected, the differences in opinion of the scientists reviewing the studies, and the small number of studies that exist on ENM exposure (in particular for consumer exposure), but it allowed for the assessment of the strengths This paper describes the conclusions and recommendations of a multi-institutional project funded by the European Commission Framework Program 7 with the stated goal of developing a catalog of exposure scenarios and associated exposure estimates for engineered nanomaterials (ENM), taking account of the entire lifecycle of these materials (van Tongeren 2011). Exposure scenarios and estimates were recorded in the format outlined by ECHA. However, there is an important distinction between the exposure scenarios developed in this project and those developed specifically for the purposes of meeting REACH requirements. A REACH exposure scenario not only provides the basis for estimating occupational, consumer, and environmental exposure, but is also the output of the iterative chemical safety assessment process and should set out the conditions for safe use of a substance. The exposure scenarios discussed in this article outline the conditions of use and associated exposure estimations based on available data. They are, however, not validated against no-effect-levels as it was outside the scope to derive such thresholds. Thus, it must be emphasized that the term ‘‘Exposure Scenario’’ as used in this article does not refer to any ‘‘final’’ Exposure Scenario, in REACH terminology, which has been shown to control risks.
DS TECNALIA Publications
RD 1 jul 2024