RT Journal Article T1 Multichannel electrotactile feedback with spatial and mixed coding for closed-loop control of grasping force in hand prostheses A1 Dosen, Strahinja A1 Markovic, Marko A1 Strbac, Matija A1 Belic, Minja A1 Kojic, Vladimir A1 Bijelic, Goran A1 Keller, Thierry A1 Farina, Dario AB Providing somatosensory feedback to the user of a myoelectric prosthesis is an important goal since it can improve the utility as well as facilitate the embodiment of the assistive system. Most often, the grasping force was selected as the feedback variable and communicated through one or more individual single channel stimulation units (e.g., electrodes, vibration motors). In the present study, an integrated, compact, multichannel solution comprising an array electrode and a programmable stimulator was presented. Two coding schemes (15 levels), spatial and mixed (spatial and frequency) modulation, were tested in able-bodied subjects, psychometrically and in force control with routine grasping and force tracking using real and simulated prosthesis. The results demonstrated that mixed and spatial coding, although substantially different in psychometric tests, resulted in a similar performance during both force control tasks. Furthermore, the ideal, visual feedback was not better than the tactile feedback in routine grasping. To explain the observed results, a conceptual model was proposed emphasizing that the performance depends on multiple factors, including feedback uncertainty, nature of the task and the reliability of the feedforward control. The study outcomes, specific conclusions and the general model, are relevant for the design of closed-loop myoelectric prostheses utilizing tactile feedback. SN 1534-4320 YR 2017 FD 2017-03 LK https://hdl.handle.net/11556/3315 UL https://hdl.handle.net/11556/3315 LA eng NO Dosen , S , Markovic , M , Strbac , M , Belic , M , Kojic , V , Bijelic , G , Keller , T & Farina , D 2017 , ' Multichannel electrotactile feedback with spatial and mixed coding for closed-loop control of grasping force in hand prostheses ' , IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , vol. 25 , no. 3 , 7448945 , pp. 183-195 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2550864 NO Publisher Copyright: © 2016 IEEE. NO Thiswork was supported by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) via the Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology (BFNT) Gottingen under the Grants 01GQ0817 and Grant 01GQ0810, and the European Commission under the MYOSENS (FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IAPP-286208) projects. DS TECNALIA Publications RD 26 jul 2024