Near-zero-waste processing of low-grade, complex primary ores and secondary raw materials in Europe: technology development trends

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dc.contributor.authorSpooren, Jeroen
dc.contributor.authorBinnemans, Koen
dc.contributor.authorBjörkmalm, Johanna
dc.contributor.authorBreemersch, Koen
dc.contributor.authorDams, Yoko
dc.contributor.authorFolens, Karel
dc.contributor.authorGonzález-Moya, María
dc.contributor.authorHorckmans, Liesbeth
dc.contributor.authorKomnitsas, Konstantinos
dc.contributor.authorKurylak, Witold
dc.contributor.authorLopez, Maria
dc.contributor.authorMäkinen, Jarno
dc.contributor.authorOnisei, Silviana
dc.contributor.authorOorts, Koen
dc.contributor.authorPeys, Arne
dc.contributor.authorPietek, Grzegorz
dc.contributor.authorPontikes, Yiannis
dc.contributor.authorSnellings, Ruben
dc.contributor.authorTripiana, María
dc.contributor.authorVaria, Jeet
dc.contributor.authorWillquist, Karin
dc.contributor.authorYurramendi, Lourdes
dc.contributor.authorKinnunen, Päivi
dc.contributor.institutionVALORIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOS
dc.date.accessioned2024-07-24T12:04:24Z
dc.date.available2024-07-24T12:04:24Z
dc.date.issued2020-09
dc.descriptionPublisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)
dc.description.abstractWith an increasing number of low-grade primary ores starting to be cost-effectively mined, we are at the verge of mining a myriad of low-grade primary and secondary mineral materials. At the same time, mining practices and mineral waste recycling are both evolving towards sustainable near-zero-waste processing of low-grade resources within a circular economy that requires a shift in business models, policies and improvements in process technologies. This review discusses the evolution towards low-grade primary ore and secondary raw material mining that will allow for sufficient supply of critical raw materials as well as base metals. Seven low-grade ores, including primary (Greek and Polish laterites) and secondary (fayalitic slags, jarosite and goethite sludges, zinc-rich waste treatment sludge and chromium-rich neutralisation sludge) raw materials are discussed as typical examples for Europe. In order to treat diverse and complex low-grade ores efficiently, the use of a new metallurgical systems toolbox is proposed, which is populated with existing and innovative unit operations: (i) mineral processing, (ii) metal extraction, (iii) metal recovery and (iv) matrix valorisation. Several promising novel techniques are under development for these four unit-operations. From an economical and environmental point of view, such processes must be fitted into new (circular) business models, whereby impacts and costs are divided over the entire value chain. Currently, low-grade secondary raw material processing is only economic and environmentally beneficial when the mineral residues can be valorised and landfill costs are avoided and/or incentives for waste processing can be taken into account.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme: Metal Recovery from Low-Grade Ores and Wastes Plus (METGROW+) [grant number 690088]. Project website: https://metgrowplus.eu . This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme: Metal Recovery from Low-Grade Ores and Wastes Plus (METGROW+) [grant number 690088]. Project website: https://metgrowplus.eu.
dc.description.statusPeer reviewed
dc.identifier.citationSpooren , J , Binnemans , K , Björkmalm , J , Breemersch , K , Dams , Y , Folens , K , González-Moya , M , Horckmans , L , Komnitsas , K , Kurylak , W , Lopez , M , Mäkinen , J , Onisei , S , Oorts , K , Peys , A , Pietek , G , Pontikes , Y , Snellings , R , Tripiana , M , Varia , J , Willquist , K , Yurramendi , L & Kinnunen , P 2020 , ' Near-zero-waste processing of low-grade, complex primary ores and secondary raw materials in Europe : technology development trends ' , Resources, Conservation and Recycling , vol. 160 , 104919 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104919
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104919
dc.identifier.issn0921-3449
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11556/3450
dc.identifier.urlhttp://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85085052305&partnerID=8YFLogxK
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofResources, Conservation and Recycling
dc.relation.projectIDHorizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020
dc.relation.projectIDEuropean Commission, EC
dc.relation.projectIDHorizon 2020, 690088
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.keywordsCircular economy
dc.subject.keywordsCritical raw materials
dc.subject.keywordsLow-grade ores
dc.subject.keywordsMetals
dc.subject.keywordsNear-zero-waste
dc.subject.keywordsRecycling
dc.subject.keywordsWaste Management and Disposal
dc.subject.keywordsEconomics and Econometrics
dc.subject.keywordsSDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production
dc.subject.keywordsSDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals
dc.titleNear-zero-waste processing of low-grade, complex primary ores and secondary raw materials in Europe: technology development trendsen
dc.typejournal article
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