Browsing by Keyword "Toxicity"
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Item Ammonium polyphosphate-melamine synergies in thermal degradation and smoke toxicity of flexible polyurethane foams(2023-08) Eceiza, I.; Aguirresarobe, R.; Barrio, A.; Fernández-Berridi, M. J.; Irusta, L.; BIOECONOMÍA Y CO2Polyurethane (PUR) foams can lead to fatal fires in the presence of an ignition and oxygen source. Obviously, the problem is not the mere loss of PUR foams properties but essentially, the smoke and toxic gases which are the main factors responsible for fire hazards. This paper reports on the main approaches taken to improve the smoke evolution and toxicity of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) based PUR foams which are the incorporation of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (M) and its combinations as additive flame retardants (FRs). In order to better understand the fire behavior, the influence of incorporated FR on the thermal degradation mechanism was also analyzed by means of thermogravimetry coupled to infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR). In addition, foams were characterized in terms of smoke evolution and toxicity of released gases both asphyxiant and irritant using a smoke density chamber coupled to infrared spectroscopy (NBS-FTIR). Data showed that the mixture of APP and M in different amounts reduced the smoke generation and the concentration of harmful gases, underlying a synergetic effect for the combination of both flame-retardants.Item TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OF A CrIII/CHOLINE CHLORIDE BASED CHROME PLATING ELECTROLYTE(2015-03-01) Yurramendi-Sarasola, Lourdes; Caballero-Román, Susana; Alvarez-Luque, Noelia; Izagirre-Etxeberria, Usoa; Cano-Iranzo, Paco; VALORIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOS; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; Biomateriales; INGENIERÍA DE SUPERFICIES; SGAt present, industrial application of hard chromium electroplating is based on electrolytic baths of sulphuric acid and chromium trioxide solutions in water. Toxicological and environmental properties of these chromium (VI) baths show the convenience of searching for new CrVI free formulations. Research activities have shown that chromium metallic coatings from an ionic liquid (IL) using trivalent chromium salts can be successfully produced. A highly promising CrVI free, bright, thick and hard chromium deposition process has been developed based on an ionic liquid composed of Chromium chloride and Choline chloride. Jointly with technological properties evaluation, a methodological study on environmental risk analysis and on implications in health & safety for the referred ionic liquid bath has been carried out. With that aim, experimental tests on the basis of toxicological properties, of effects on human health and of environmental effects were conducted. Comparisons of the obtained results with the behaviour of traditional baths used for the same purpose were also accomplished, showing for the ionic liquid formulation a lower toxicity and less environmental risk than for the CrVI formulation.Item Toxicology review in metal nanoparticles: Approximation in gold and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles(2012) Porredon, Constança; de Lapuente, Joaquín; García, Jesús Pablo; Sendra, Judith; Castaño, Argelia; Egizabal, Ainhoa; Ramis, Marc; Margareto, Javier; Borràs, Miquel; GenéticaThe toxicity of nanoparticles is under discussion. The great diversity of nanoparticles (different chemical composition, size, shape, surface recovery among others) makes it difficult to establish a criterion for determining the effects of human and environmental exposure. Gold Nanoparticles are considered biocompatible because they are composed of an inert material. These nanoparticles are used for different medical purposes, such as labeling, delivering, heating and sensing. Their effects can vary depending on their coating, size, and shape. Nevertheless, inert particles can produce morphologic changes, loss of function, inflammation or cell damage, therefore they must be studied with more detail. Superparamagnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are used for biosensing applications, tumor treatment by hyperthermia and as contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among other applications. Although they are also considered biocompatible, some studies show some degree of dose and size depending cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Both kinds of nanoparticles, mainly focused to biomedical industry, have been studied in different fields of toxicology. In this paper we have summarized some reports in an interdisciplinary review.