Browsing by Keyword "Simulation"
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Item Achievements, experiences, and lessons learned from the European research infrastructure ERIGrid related to the validation of power and energy systems(2020-11-09) Strasser, T. I.; de Jong, E. C. W.; Sosnina, M.; Rodriguez-Seco, J. E.; Kotsampopoulos, P.; Babazadeh, D.; Mäki, K.; Bhandia, R.; Brandl, R.; Sandroni, C.; Heussen, K.; Coffele, F.; POWER SYSTEMSPower system operation is of vital importance and must be developed far beyond today’s practice to meet future needs. Almost all European countries are facing an abrupt and very important increase of renewables with intrinsically varying yields which are difficult to predict. In addition, an increase of new types of electric loads and a reduction of traditional production from bulk generation can be observed as well. Hence, the level of complexity of system operation steadily increases. Because of these developments, the traditional power system is being transformed into a smart grid. Previous and ongoing research has tended to focus on how specific aspects of smart grids can be developed and validated, but until now there exists no integrated approach for analysing and evaluating complex smart grid configurations. To tackle these research and development needs, a pan-European research infrastructure is realized in the ERIGrid project that supports the technology development as well as the roll-out of smart grid technologies and solutions. This paper provides an overview of the main results of ERIGrid which have been achieved during the last four years. Also, experiences and lessons learned are discussed and an outlook to future research needs is provided. © 2020, CIGRE - Reprint from www.cigre.org with kind permission.Item Analysis of the upward direct chill casting of magnesium alloys(Curran Associates, 2006) Landaberea, A.; Pedros, P.; Anglada, E.; Garmendia, I.; CIRMETALThe upward direct chill casting, where the continuous casting is operated vertically against gravity, is a novel technology which has been applied to the production of high quality magnesium alloys circumventing the main disadvantages of using conventional continuous casting processes, since the risks of burning and explosion are practically eliminated. This represents a key aspect to increase the industrial application of magnesium wrought products. In order to help on the understanding of the process, a mathematical model for the simulation of the upward continuous casting of round billets of magnesium alloys has been developed. The equations for the flow field with heat transfer are numerically solved by a finite volume method and the solidification is accounted via an enthalpy-porosity formulation where the mushy region is modeled as a pseudo porous medium. The obtained temperature distribution is then used as input for a thermo-mechanical analysis to determine the deformation and stress field developed in the billet during the casting process. Several configurations have been simulated and comparison of computed results with available experimental data is provided.Item A complete framework for developing and testing automated driving controllers(2017-07) Lattarulo, Ray; Perez, Joshue; Dendaluze, Martin; Dendaluce, Martin; CCAM; Tecnalia Research & InnovationIntelligent vehicles have improved their highly and fully automated driving capacities in the last years. Most of the developments are driven by the fast evolution of embedded systems for the acquisition, perception and communication modules. However, the fast growing of the automated vehicle market demands modern tools for validation, integration and testing of these new embedded functionalities, specially related to Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS). In this paper, a testing methodology for validation of path planning and control algorithms for current and future automated vehicles is presented. A high degree of modularity and adaptability have been considered in the design of the proposed method. It is based on a software tool for vehicle modeling, called Dynacar, which allows a good trajectory definition, cooperative maneuvers interaction and virtual validation. Different types of vehicles, scenarios (i.e.: urban, interurban, highways under different environmental conditions) and controllers can be tested. Moreover, Hardware-In-the-Loop configuration (i.e. electronic control units) can be also tested. Simulation results show a good performance in the implementation and configuration of urban scenarios, using different controllers in the proposed frameworkItem Cooperative Simulation Tool with the Energy Management System for the Storage of Electricity Surplus through Hydrogen(2015) Díaz de Arcaya, A.; González-González, A.; Alzola, J.A.; Sánchez, V.The INGRID project aims at demonstrating the effective usage of safe, high-density, solid-state hydrogen storage systems for power supply and demand balancing within active power distribution grids with high penetration of intermittent Distributed Generation (Renewable Energy Sources in particular.) The INGRID simulator is divided in two main blocks: the first one represents the Energy Management System, the second one includes the Green Energy Storage System (water electrolyzer, hydrogen solid-storage systems and fuel cell) created to simulate the plant. This paper describes the modules of INGRID simulator and the transient responses of the system for an energy management system virtual according to the power prediction of renewable energy sources, hydrogen demand and the power demand of electric vehiclesItem Development of a simulation procedure for the evaluation of new refractories for aluminium furnaces(World Foundry Organization, 2014) Vicario, I.; De Landia, L.; Toledo, N.; Mendizabal, G.; Anglada, E.; Rodriguez, P.; PROMETAL; CIRMETALRefractory materials for aluminium industry are designed to be resistant to different degrees of thermal, mechanical and chemical wear. The refractory wall thickness reduction during service life increases the heat losses through walls decreasing the thermal efficiency of the furnace. Last developments are focused on obtaining refractories with better performance and improved insulation properties. On this regard, a simulation procedure has been developed to compare the thermal and chemical performance of different refractories during end use. This procedure includes measuring the internal and external wall temperatures of a testing furnace using thermography, and comparing the resistance to liquid aluminium determining the corundum and cracks appearance. Two refractories have been tested by this procedure for comparative purposes; a commercial alumina castable and an improved alumina castable with better insulation properties.Item Disaggregation process for dynamic multidimensional heat flux in building simulation(2017-08-01) Garay, Roberto; Riverola, Alberto; Chemisana, Daniel; Martinez, Roberto Garay; Tecnalia Research & InnovationHeat transfer across envelopes (façade, roof, glazed areas) represents a big share of the energy flow within the heat balance of buildings. This paper focuses on areas of the envelope where multi-dimensional heat transfer occurs. These areas are commonly defined as thermal bridges, due to a localized reduction of thermal resistance of constructions in these places. This paper reviews common standardized methods to assess heat transfer in buildings, under various modelling assumptions: one-dimensional, multi-dimensional, steady state and dynamic. Within presently developed modelling and assessment methods, a need for improvement has been identified over existing methods for the thermal assessment of multi-dimensional heat transfer under dynamic conditions. A phasorial approach to differential heat transfer in thermal bridges has been developed, which serves as the dynamic extension of steady-state thermal bridge coefficients. This formulation is applied to the junction of a masonry wall with a concrete slab.Item District Power-To-Heat/Cool Complemented by Sewage Heat Recovery(2019-01-24) Aprile, Marcello; Scoccia, Rossano; Dénarié, Alice; Kiss, Pál; Dombrovszky, Marcell; Gwerder, Damian; Schuetz, Philipp; Elguezabal, Peru; Arregi, Beñat; ECOEFICIENCIA DE PRODUCTOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN; EDIFICACIÓN DE ENERGÍA POSITIVADistrict heating and cooling (DHC), when combined with waste or renewable energy sources, is an environmentally sound alternative to individual heating and cooling systems in buildings. In this work, the theoretical energy and economic performances of a DHC network complemented by compression heat pump and sewage heat exchanger are assessed through dynamic, year-round energy simulations. The proposed system comprises also a water storage and a PV plant. The study stems from the operational experience on a DHC network in Budapest, in which a new sewage heat recovery system is in place and provided the experimental base for assessing main operational parameters of the sewage heat exchanger, like effectiveness, parasitic energy consumption and impact of cleaning. The energy and economic potential is explored for a commercial district in Italy. It is found that the overall seasonal COP and EER are 3.10 and 3.64, while the seasonal COP and EER of the heat pump alone achieve 3.74 and 4.03, respectively. The economic feasibility is investigated by means of the levelized cost of heating and cooling (LCOHC). With an overall LCOHC between 79.1 and 89.9 €/MWh, the proposed system can be an attractive solution with respect to individual heat pumps.Item EXACTHERM®. La mejora de la calidad de las piezas a través de formas aislantes específicas y avanzadas técnicas de simulación (patentado)(Metal Spain, 2006-06) Prat, Jaime; Meléndez, Antton; Seoane, Alberto; Anglada, Eva; Beeson, Andrew; Arrieta, Mitxel; Galaz, Jon; Jorge, Asier; Vicario, TeresaIBERIA ASHLAND e INASMET TECNALIA, implementan con BETSAIDE S.A.L. una solución innovadora para la sanidad de piezas de altos requerimientos de calidad y de geometría difícil, utilizando su último desarrollo en material para manguitos aislantes de óptimo rendimiento (EXACTHERM®). Este estudio nos muestra cómo se pueden conseguir mejoras de características en las piezas fundidas eliminando defectos causados por deformaciones de grafito o rechupes, mediante el uso de manguitos adaptados (Machos-manguito), fabricados con materiales aislantes avanzados. Previamente, utilizando las últimas técnicas de simulación (cálculo inverso), se testearon diversas variantes de estos productos aislantes, lo que permitió obtener y comparar resultados ahorrando el costo en piezas de las iteraciones que habrían sido necesarias en la planta.Item Hardness, grainsize and porosity formation prediction on the Laser Metal Deposition of AISI 304 stainless steel(2018-12) Arrizubieta, Jon Iñaki; Lamikiz, Aitzol; Cortina, Magdalena; Ukar, Eneko; Alberdi, Amaia; FABRIC_INTELThe presented numerical model solves the heat and mass transfer equations in the Laser Metal Deposition process and based on the evolution of the thermal field predicts the grainsize, the resulting hardness and evaluates the pores formation probability in an AISI 304 stainless steel. For this purpose, in a first step, the model calculates the shape of the deposited material and the variations of the temperature field. In a second step, and based on the evolution of the thermal field, the model calculates the resulting hardness of the deposited material, the grainsize and the porosity formation probability after the deposition process. Numerical results are experimentally validated, and good agreement is obtained. Consequently, besides predicting the geometry of the resulting part and the evolution of the thermal field, the developed model enables to evaluate the quality of the deposited material. Therefore, the optimum process conditions and strategy when depositing AISI 304 stainless steel can be determined without initial trial-and-error tests.Item How Simulation and Model Adjustments Helps Metal Casting Processes(NAFEMS, 2017) Anglada, Eva; Meléndez, Antton; Vicario, IbanThe use of numerical simulation in the metal casting industry has experienced a significant increase during last years.Item Improving casting performance through customized insulating shapes and advanced simulation techniques(Curran Associates, 2006) Prat, Jaime; Meléndez, Antton; Seoane, Alberto; Anglada, Eva; Beeson, Andrew; Arrieta, Mitxel; Galaz, Jon; Jorge, Asier; Vicario, Teresa; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; CIRMETALOver the years foundries have been looking for ways to improve their process. IBERIA ASHLAND and INASMET TECNALIA, together with BETSAIDE S.A.L. have implemented an innovative solution for methoding castings to ensure the integrity of the finished parts by using their latest development of customized insulating shapes combined with advanced simulation techniques. This study will show how improvements can be achieved in the mechanical characteristics of a casting by eliminating graphite deformation and shrinkage defects through the use of customized sleeves and insulating cores made of advanced moulding materials. Additionally, by utilizing the latest in simulation techniques, various compositions of the insulating materials can be "tested" effectively, allowing us to compare the final casting, without the need and related cost to produce multiple iterations of the part.Item An integrated pan-European research infrastructure for validating smart grid systems(2018-12-01) Strasser, Thomas I.; Pröstl Andrén, F.; Widl, E.; Lauss, G.; De Jong, E. C. W.; Calin, M.; Sosnina, M.; Khavari, A.; Rodriguez, J. E.; Kotsampopoulos, P.; Blank, M.; Steinbrink, C.; Mäki, K.; Kulmala, A.; van der Meer, A.; Bhandia, R.; Brandl, R.; Arnold, G.; Sandroni, C.; Pala, D.; Morales Bondy, D. E.; Heussen, K.; Gehrke, O.; Coffele, F.; Tran, Q.-T.; Rikos, E.; Nguyen, V. H.; Orue, I.; Degefa, M. Z.; Manikas, S.; POWER SYSTEMSA driving force for the realization of a sustainable energy supply in Europe is the integration of distributed, renewable energy resources. Due to their dynamic and stochastic generation behaviour, utilities and network operators are confronted with a more complex operation of the underlying distribution grids. Additionally, due to the higher flexibility on the consumer side through partly controllable loads, ongoing changes of regulatory rules, technology developments, and the liberalization of energy markets, the system’s operation needs adaptation. Sophisticated design approaches together with proper operational concepts and intelligent automation provide the basis to turn the existing power system into an intelligent entity, a so-called smart grid. While reaping the benefits that come along with those intelligent behaviours, it is expected that the system-level testing will play a significantly larger role in the development of future solutions and technologies. Proper validation approaches, concepts, and corresponding tools are partly missing until now. This paper addresses these issues by discussing the progress in the integrated Pan-European research infrastructure project ERIGrid where proper validation methods and tools are currently being developed for validating smart grid systems and solutions.Item Investment Casting Moulds Optimisation by means of Advanced Simulation and instrumented Fibre-wrapped Moulds(European Investment Casters’ Federation (EICF), 2015-05-12) Meléndez, Antton; Anglada, Eva; Rodriguez, Pedro P.; Armenteros, AntonioThe simulation models have been adjusted to replicate the real process in future simulations by means of the advanced simulation combined with a planned experimentation carried out in industrial conditions, The simulation models include the presence of fibres (auxiliary materials) and their effects on the moulds and metal according to the number of layers (the use of these materials is crucial for the correct addressing of the solidification, because a proper solidification helps to obtain the technical requirements of the castings, face to achieve the best mould yield).Item Machos-manguitos Exactcast® simulados numéricamente eliminan problemas críticos en piezas de alta seguridad del automóvil (patentado)(Metal Spain, 2004-11) Meléndez, Antton; Anglada, Eva; Bárcena, Jorge; Prat, Jaime; Iglesias, Luis; Arrieta, Mitxel; Akizu, Angel; Landa, IñakiIberia Ashland y Kemen Recupac (Grupo Ashland), vienen desarrollando el plan 'Casting Solutions' en una de sus divisiones como un servicio más para el mercado mundial de Fundición. La información que aquí se presenta muestra el resultado de una actuación conjunta entre Iberia Ashland - Kemen Recupac (Patentadores del proceso), Inasmet (Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico) y Fagor-Ederlan (Fundición del grupo MCC) como consecuencia de la cual se ha puesto a punto una aplicación innovadora de gran importancia en lo referente a la sanidad de las piezas, al ahorro en la cantidad de caldo necesario para ello y el correspondiente ahorro en costos. La tecnología que aquí se presenta consiste en la utilización avanzada de microesferas huecas de Silicato de Alúmina, las cuales por si solas o mezcladas con productos exotérmicos y aglomeradas con el sistema Cold-Box producen piezas con diversas formas, pudiéndose utilizar éstas como manguitos convencionales o bien con una doble función, es decir, como macho y manguito simultaneamente.Item Metamodels’ Development for High Pressure Die Casting of Aluminum Alloy(2021-10-31) Anglada, Eva; Boto, Fernando; García de Cortazar, Maider; Garmendia, Iñaki; CIRMETAL; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; FACTORYSimulation is a very useful tool in the design of the part and process conditions of high pressure die casting (HPDC), due to the intrinsic complexity of this manufacturing process. Usually, physics-based models solved by finite element or finite volume methods are used, but their main drawback is the long calculation time. In order to apply optimization strategies in the design process or to implement online predictive systems, faster models are required. One solution is the use of surrogate models, also called metamodels or grey-box models. The novelty of the work presented here lies in the development of several metamodels for the HPDC process. These metamodels are based on a gradient boosting regressor technique and derived from a physics-based finite element model. The results show that the developed metamodels are able to predict with high accuracy the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) of the cast parts and, with good accuracy, the misrun risk and the shrinkage level. Results obtained in the predictions of microporosity and macroporosity, eutectic percentage, and grain density were less accurate. The metamodels were very fast (less than 1 s); therefore, they can be used for optimization activities or be integrated into online prediction systems for the HPDC industry. The case study corresponds to several parts of aluminum cast alloys, used in the automotive industry, manufactured by high-pressure die casting in a multicavity mold.Item New casting solutions: Numerically simulated EXACTCAST® core-sleeves eliminate critical problems with automobile high-security components (patented)(Turkish Foundrymen's Association, 2004-09) Prat, Jaime; Iglesias, Luis; Arrieta, Mitxel; Landa, Iñaki; Meléndez, Antton; Anglada, Eva; Bárcena, JorgeIBERIA ASHLAND CHEMICAL S.A. and KEMEN RECUPAC S.A. (ASHLAND Group), have been carrying out the ‘Casting Solutions’ project in one of their divisions, as yet another service for the worldwide Foundry market. The information contained herein shows the results of a joint venture between IBERIA ASHLAND CHEMICAL S.A.-KEMEN RECUPAC S.A. (The Process Patent Holders), INASMET (Technological Development Centre) and FAGOR-EDERLAN (The Foundry division of the MCC group), that has resulted in the fine-tuning of an innovative application that is highly important for the sanity of castings, savings in the amount of melt needed and associated cost savings.Item A novel procedure for the evaluation of new refractories for aluminium furnaces(Cenertec, 2015-04) Vicario, Iban; de Landía, Leonor; Mendizabal, Gorka; Toledo, Nagore; Anglada, Eva; Rodriguez, PatxiRefractory materials for aluminium industry are designed to be resistant to different degrees of thermal, mechanical and chemical wear. The refractory wall thickness reduction during service life increases the heat losses through walls, decreasing the thermal efficiency of the furnace. Last developments are focused on obtaining refractories with better performance and improved insulation properties. On this regard, a novel procedure has been developed to compare the thermal and chemical performance of different refractories. This procedure includes comparing the resistance of the refractory to molten aluminium, determining corundum and cracks appearance, and measuring the internal and external wall temperatures of a testing furnace using thermography. These temperature measurements make possible to estimate the wall thermal conductivity together with its evolution in time and also validate its simulation modelling in order to be used in future furnace designs. Two refractories have been tested by this procedure for comparative purposes; a commercial alumina castable and an improved alumina castable with better insulation propertiesItem Ocean Energy Systems Wave Energy Modelling Task: Modelling, Verification and Validation of Wave Energy Converters: Modelling, verification and validation ofwave energy converters(2019) Wendt, Fabian; Nielsen, Kim; Yu, Yi-Hsiang; Bingham, Harry; Eskilsson, Claes; Kramer, Morten; Babarit, Aurelien; Bunnik, Tim; Costello, Ronan; Crowley, Sarah; Gendron, Bengamin; Giorgi, Giuseppe; Girardin, Samuel; Greaves, Devorah; Heras, Pilar; Hoffman, Johan; Islam, Hafizul; Jakobsen, Ken-Robert; Janson, Carl-Erik; Jansson, Johan; Kim, Hyun Yul; Kurniawan, Adi; Leoni, Massimiliano; Mathai, Thomas; Nam, Bo-Woo; Park, Sewan; Rajagopalan, Krishnakumar; Ransley, Edward; Read, Robert; Ringwood, John V.; Rodrigues, Jose Miguel; Rosenthal, Benjamin; Roy, Andre; Ruehl, Kelley; Schofield, Paul; Sheng, Wanan; Shiri, Abolfazl; Thomas, Sarah; Touzon, Imanol; Yasutaka, Imai; Giorgi, Simone; Kim, Jeong-Seok; Kim, Kyong-Hwan; Gendron, Benjamin; Greaves, Deborah; Schofield, Paul; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThe International Energy Agency Technology Collaboration Programme for Ocean Energy Systems (OES) initiated the OES Wave Energy Conversion Modelling Task, which focused on the verification and validation of numerical models for simulating wave energy converters (WECs). The long-term goal is to assess the accuracy of and establish confidence in the use of numerical models used in design as well as power performance assessment of WECs. To establish this confidence, the authors used different existing computational modelling tools to simulate given tasks to identify uncertainties related to simulation methodologies: (i) linear potential flow methods; (ii) weakly nonlinear Froude–Krylov methods; and (iii) fully nonlinear methods (fully nonlinear potential flow and Navier–Stokes models). This article summarizes the code-to-code task and code-to-experiment task that have been performed so far in this project, with a focus on investigating the impact of different levels of nonlinearities in the numerical models. Two different WECs were studied and simulated. The first was a heaving semi-submerged sphere, where free-decay tests and both regular and irregular wave cases were investigated in a code-to-code comparison. The second case was a heaving float corresponding to a physical model tested in a wave tank. We considered radiation, diffraction, and regular wave cases and compared quantities, such as the WEC motion, power output and hydrodynamic loading.Item Optical model for multilayer glazing systems: Application to laminated glass and photovoltaic modules: Application to laminated glass and photovoltaic modules(2016-02-01) Baenas, Tomás; Machado, Maider; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThis article provides theoretical developments broadening the scope of previous optical simulation models for multilayer glazing systems. The applicability of existing models will be extended through additional characterization of the multilayer optical components from global spectrophotometric (UV–vis–NIR) measurements. A more complete interlayer film characterization, including reflectivity in the film–glass interface, will be provided. Singular solutions of the related equation systems will be derived for situations involving components with very low or null transmissivity. As a contribution to the fundamentals of the formalism, the condition relating the symmetry of the transmittance of the system with the symmetry of the transmissivity of its optical components will be studied. Finally, with the extension for the calculation of energy fluxes through the components of a multilayer system, analytical expressions for the components absorptivity will be derived. These results are particularly useful to quantify differences in energy absorption of the constituents of a laminated glass, as a tool to define, from the glazing design phase, the thermal and mechanical processing needed for each glazing component. Additionally, the model provides a procedure for the calculation of the absorptivity of encapsulated photovoltaic cells, which is directly related to cell efficiency in each particular configuration.Item Sensor Testing for Smart Mobility Scenarios: From Parking Assistance to Automated Parking(Springer, Cham, 2019) Larrauri, J. Murgoitio; Muñoz, E. D. Martí; Recalde, M. E. Vaca; Hillbrand, B.; Tengg, A.; Pilz, Ch.; Druml, N.Vehicle automation is one of the major challenges of nowadays’ transport system and its goals are to achieve the ideal energy efficiency, the minimum environment impact and the highest safety rate. In this context, IoSense is the project which will deploy new capabilities (Sensors, Components and Systems) through several demonstrators, one of them called “SmaBility” (Smart Mobility scenarios). So, the intelligent perception and decision making for safer and autonomous driving are the main objectives of the SmaBility demonstrator focus on the “Automated parking”. Then this chapter firstly lists the capabilities in the design, modelling and simulation area of each partner (TECNALIA, IFAT and VIF) involved on the title “From Parking Assistance to Automated Parking” within the Smability. In a second stage, several simulations considering a Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera, as the main perception technology, are explained at both levels: Sensor (ToF) and System (Automated parking). In parking assistance scenario (system level), a ToF camera, similar to the previous one analysed at sensor level, is considered as substitute for ultrasonic range sensors. The expected advantages of using such camera include faster answer, better resolution and object recognition capabilities. Combining depth information with a vehicle geometry model and ego-information (position, speed, steering angle), it is possible to estimate distance to collision point and time to collision (TTC) with great accuracy. Finally, summary and conclusions are reported.