Browsing by Keyword "SDG 13 - Climate Action"
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Item ADAPTATION TO FLOODING EVENTS THROUGH VULNERABILITY MAPPING IN HISTORIC URBAN AREAS(2018-03-06) Gandini, Alessandra; Prieto, Iñaki; Garmendia, Leire; San-José, José Tomás; Egusquiza, Aitziber; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANA; Tecnalia Research & InnovationHistoric urban areas are complex and inter-reliant systems, vulnerable to natural hazards. Over the recent years, the increase frequency in extreme precipitation events and sea-level rise, have impacted on a large number of historic areas, growing concern over disaster mitigation related to climate change. Most of the changes in the climatological indicators may have adverse impacts on historic areas, leading to physical, social and cultural consequences and should be included in urban planning practice. The importance of addressing cultural heritage in disaster risk has also been included in The Sendai Framework, considering the dimensions of vulnerability, adaptive capacity and exposure through systematic evaluation. Urban planning decisions involve an understanding of complex interactions between different aspects of the city, in its constructive, social, economic, environmental and cultural system. The analysis of these interactions requires a systemic approach as the components operate on different spatial and temporal scales and generate a large amount of data. This information can be used to determine the vulnerability of historic areas by assessing it at the building level, through the creation of typologies representing the building stock, often characterized by similarities and common constructive elements. The comprehension of the information can be supported and homogenized by a multi-scale urban model, to facilitate the understanding of interactions and the link among the different disciplines involved. This paper describes the methodology proposed for vulnerability mapping in historic urban areas, by using a categorization method supported by an information strategy and a multiscale urban model.Item Adopting Resilience Thinking through Nature-Based Solutions within Urban Planning: A Case Study in the City of València(2023-05) García-Blanco, Gemma; Navarro, Daniel; Feliu, Efren; ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICOThe paper exposes the experience of València in applying climate-resilient thinking to the current revision of the city’s General Urban Development Plan. A semi-quantitative, indicator-based risk assessment of heat stress was carried out on the 23 functional areas of the city sectorized by the Plan, including modeling and spatial analysis exercises. A data model of 18 indicators was built to characterize vulnerability. A thermal stress map was developed using the URbCLim model and a heat index was then calculated using Copernicus hourly data (air temperature, humidity, and wind speed) for the period of January 2008–December 2017 at a spatial resolution of 100 m × 100 m. General recommendations at the city level as well as guidelines for development planning in the functional areas at risk are provided, with specifications for the deployment of nature-based solutions as adaptation measures. From a planning perspective, the study positively informs the General Urban Development Plan, the City Green and Biodiversity Plan, and contributes to City Urban Strategy 2030 and City Missions 2030 for climate adaptation and neutrality. Applying the same approach to other climate change-related hazards (i.e., water scarcity, pluvial flooding, sea level rise) will allow better informed decisions towards resilient urban planning.Item Advances on high temperature Pd-based membranes and membrane reactors for hydrogen purifcation and production(2017-06-01) Gallucci, F.; Medrano, J. A.; Fernandez, E.; Melendez, J.; Van Sint Annaland, M.; Pacheco-Tanaka, D. A.; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOSMembrane technology applied in the chemical and energy industry has the potential to overcome many drawbacks of conventional technologies such as the need of large volume plants and large CO2 emissions. Recently, it has been reported that this technology might become more competitive when operated at high temperatures. This is mostly associated with the required of heat integration at large scale. However, good membrane stability combined with high permeation rates and high perm-selectivities, has only been achieved at intermediate/low temperatures (< 500 °C). When operated at these lower temperatures in a fully integrated plant, there is often the need of electricity import, which strongly decreases the process efciency and renders the membrane-based technology less competitive compared to conventional technologies. To improve the competitiveness of membrane technology further developments are required, demanding in particular an improvement in the preparation methods, the use of new materials and/or the development of novel reactor confgurations. In this study, a comprehensive review on the latest advancements in membrane technology for H2 separation at high temperature is presented. Special attention is given to the membranes prepared and presented in the literature in the last years for high-temperature applications, as well as the different membrane reactor confgurations that have proposed, tested and evaluated for different reaction systems at elevated temperatures. Since concerns about the need of high temperatures in membrane technology are relatively new, this review is limited to the results reported in the literature during the last fve years.Item Aluminium Foam and Magnesium Compound Casting Produced by High-Pressure Die Casting(2016-01-15) Vicario, Iban; Crespo, Ignacio; Plaza, L.M.; Caballero, Patricia; Idoiaga, Ion Kepa; PROMETAL; Tecnalia Research & InnovationNowadays, fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions are two of the main focal points in vehicle design, promoting the reduction in the weight of vehicles by using lighter materials. The aim of the work is to evaluate the influence of different aluminium foams and injection parameters in order to obtain compound castings with a compromise between the obtained properties and weight by high-pressure die cast (HPDC) using aluminium foams as cores into a magnesium cast part. To evaluate the influence of the different aluminium foams and injection parameters on the final casting products quality, the type and density of the aluminium foam, metal temperature, plunger speed, and multiplication pressure have been varied within a range of suitable values. The obtained compound HPDC castings have been studied by performing visual and RX inspections, obtaining sound composite castings with aluminium foam cores. The presence of an external continuous layer on the foam surface and the correct placement of the foam to support injection conditions permit obtaining good quality parts. A HPDC processed magnesium-aluminium foam composite has been developed for a bicycle application obtaining a suitable combination of mechanical properties and, especially, a reduced weight in the demonstration part.Item An analysis of different deep learning neural networks for intra-hour solar irradiation forecasting to compute solar photovoltaic generators' energy production(2022-06) Etxegarai, Garazi; López, Asier; Aginako, Naiara; Rodríguez, Fermín; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; DIGITAL ENERGYRenewable energies are the alternative that leads to a cleaner generation and a reduction in CO2 emissions. However, their dependency on weather makes them unreliable. Traditional energy operators need a highly accurate estimation of energy to ensure the appropriate control of the network, since energy generation and demand must be balanced. This paper proposes a forecaster to predict solar irradiation, for very short-term, specifically, in the 10 min ahead. This study develops two tools based on artificial neural networks, namely Long-Short Term Memory neural networks and Convolutional Neural Network. The results demonstrate that the Convolutional Neural Network has a higher accuracy. The tool is tested examining the root mean square error, which was of 52.58 W/m2 for the testing step. Compared against the benchmark, it has obtained an improvement of 8.16%. Additionally, for the 82% of the tested days it has given a less than 4% error between the predicted and the actual energy generation. Results indicate that the forecaster is accurate enough to be implemented on a photovoltaic generation plan, improving their integration into the electrical grid, not only for providing power but also ancillary services.Item An analysis of the potential of envelope-integrated solar heating and cooling technologies for reducing energy consumption in European climates(2018-06) Elguezabal, Peru; Arregi, Beñat; ECOEFICIENCIA DE PRODUCTOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN; EDIFICACIÓN DE ENERGÍA POSITIVAThere is a clear trend towards the increased contribution of renewable energy at European level, and EU policies are oriented towards that direction. The building sector is no exception and presents an urgent necessity for increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce the impact on the environment. The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of solar heating and cooling technologies in reducing energy consumption by incorporating solar thermal and PV collectors within the building’s envelope. Although generally envisaged to be integrated in the roof, preferably oriented to the south, this study explores also their potential for integration into the façades. External climate influences both the demand for space heating and cooling (influenced by temperature) and the potential from solar renewable energy (incident global irradiation). However, a time lag exists since supply and demand peak at different times within the day as well as during the year. This study assesses the interplay of solar energy supply with heating and cooling energy demand. An analysis is performed over climate data files for five European locations, based on daily weather data. Besides the extent of incident solar irradiation, its seasonal usability is assessed with regard to the thermal demand. The impact of the inclination of solar collector devices is assessed by comparing their placement on a horizontal plane, on the inclination of maximum exposure for each climate, and on vertical planes for the four cardinal directions. As a conclusion, the utilization of solar energy for different scenarios is assessed and a discussion on the integration of solar thermal and PV collectors over façades is presented, building on the potential of these technologies for developing innovative solutions that could significantly upgrade the buildings’ energy performance in the near future.Item Applications of Models and Tools for Mesoscale and Microscale Thermal Analysis in Mid-Latitude Climate Regions—A Review(2021-11-10) Lobaccaro, Gabriele; De Ridder, Koen; Acero, Juan Angel; Hooyberghs, Hans; Lauwaet, Dirk; Maiheu, Bino; Sharma, Richa; Govehovitch, Benjamin; Tecnalia Research & InnovationUrban analysis at different spatial scales (micro- and mesoscale) of local climate conditions is required to test typical artificial urban boundaries and related climate hazards such as high temperatures in built environments. The multitude of finishing materials and sheltering objects within built environments produce distinct patterns of different climate conditions, particularly during the daytime. The combination of high temperatures and intense solar radiation strongly perturb the environment by increasing the thermal heat stress at the pedestrian level. Therefore, it is becoming common practice to use numerical models and tools that enable multiple design and planning alternatives to be quantitatively and qualitatively tested to inform urban planners and decision-makers. These models and tools can be used to compare the relationships between the micro-climatic environment, the subjective thermal assessment, and the social behaviour, which can reveal the attractiveness and effectiveness of new urban spaces and lead to more sustainable and liveable public spaces. This review article presents the applications of selected environmental numerical models and tools to predict human thermal stress at the mesoscale (e.g., satellite thermal images and UrbClim) and the microscale (e.g., mobile measurements, ENVI-met, and UrbClim HR) focusing on case study cities in mid-latitude climate regions framed in two European research projects.Item Assessment of urban-scale potential for solar PV generation and consumption(2019-09-05) Pedrero, J; Hermoso, N; Hernández, P; Muñoz, I; Arrizabalaga, E; Mabe, L; Prieto, I; Izkara, J L; PLANIFICACIÓN ENERGÉTICA; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAThe rise of grid electricity price and a growing awareness of climate change is resulting in an increasing number of photovoltaic facilities installed in buildings. Electricity market regulation and climatic conditions, in particular solar radiation, are the main factors that determine the economic viability of a photovoltaic facility. This paper describes a method for evaluating the potential for photovoltaic (PV) production and self-consumption for the building stock of a particular city. A GIS 3D city map is used to calculate solar irradiation. Building-level electricity use is calculated based on building type, geometry and other characteristic inferred from building age, taking the cadastre GIS as main input. The methodology identifies the realistic potential for rooftop photovoltaic installations, as well as the optimum size to be installed from an economic perspective. To represent different regulations that can affect economic viability of PV installations, calculations should adapt for the specific installation conditions and regulatory situation, as for example self-consumption and net metering. The proposed methodology is applied to a case study in Irun (Spain), where results for potential of PV generation and self-consumption for the building stock are presented. The results offer public administration a realistic view of economically viable PV potential for the city and allow to analyse different mechanisms to promote their installations. It also serves for individual electricity consumers to evaluate and optimize new photovoltaic energy facilities. Finally, it serves policy makers to estimate the repercussion of electricity market regulations on the economic viability of PV systems.Item The benefits of ICT for wind power integration demonstrated in the DISPOWER project(2006) Ensslin, Cornel; Saint-Drenan, Yves Marie; Osvianniko-Koulikowsky, Nicolas; Oyarzabal, José; POWER SYSTEMSWith an installed wind power capacity of about 36 GW as of mid 2005 and a significant growth expected for the next years, Europe is well on the way towards the target of 60 GW wind power by 2010. However, from the viewpoint of power systems operators significant progress in research and development is needed to deal with the intermittency of wind power for a reliable and economic integration into electrical power systems and markets. In response to this need, the European project DISPOWER has investigated and developed new Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-based tools for the secure integration of wind power into electrical system operation. In particular, a secured communication platform allowing electricity industry stakeholders having to deal with wind energy to share information related to wind energy has been implemented. This "virtual platform" is a database receiving and storing different data important for the integration of wind energy. One of the key data included in this database is the wind power output forecast produced by high-performance prediction methods (Day-ahead to 1-hour ahead) with errors reduced down to 5% (NRMSE). A number of applications to be plugged to this virtual platform have also been developed. A real-time reserve power optimisation method to support system operator dispatching a large amount of wind energy has been realized. A method based on genetic algorithm has also been implemented to solve economic dispatch computation, i.e. to evaluate the best power plant scheduling with respect to the operation cost and the CO2 emission.Item A bi-objective harmony search approach for deploying cost-effective multi-hop communications over large-area wildfires(Springer Verlag, 2014) Bilbao, Miren Nekane; Del Ser, Javier; Salcedo-Sanz, Sancho; Gil-López, Sergio; Portilla-Figueras, José Antonio; Klett, Fanny; Abraham, Ajith; Herrero, Álvaro; Baruque, Bruno; de Carvalho, André C.P.L.F.; Quintián, Héctor; Corchado, Emilio; Quintián, Héctor; de la Puerta, José Gaviria; Ferreira, Iván García; Bringas, Pablo García; IAGlobal phenomena such as the climate warming and the consequently growing scales of wildfires motivate the need for computationally efficient tools and frameworks for assisting brigade commanders in their coordination and management duties. However, the current worldwide economical situation usually imposes severe budgetary constraints that ultimately impact on the inventory of available firefighting resources and support equipment. In this context this manuscript presents a novel meta-heuristically empowered scheme which determines the position and model of a number of wireless communication relays to be deployed over a large-scale wildfire area under a Pareto-optimal strategy: to balance between coverage and cost of the deployment. The system model also allows for multi-hop links among the brigades operating on the area. Specifically, Harmony Search heuristics are utilized to iteratively refine the position and models of the relays. Simulation results over synthetic scenarios are discussed, from which future research lines stem towards formulations of increased realism including the allocation of radio channels and orography-aware coverage areas.Item Business in climate or climate in business?(2011-08) Sepúlveda, Joel; Mendizabal, Maddalen; Tecnalia Research & InnovationPurpose: The aim of this paper is to present a new methodological approach to help companies improve their decision-taking capacity regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of climate change (CC). Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted by combining a wide variety of sources including articles and research reports. Taking into account the complexity of adapting in a context of climate change, the paper developed a simplified conceptual model that integrates multi-criteria analysis. A vulnerability matrix was generated as a combination of adaptive capacity, exposure and sensitivity and how to measure the magnitude, persistence, uncertainty, temporality, degree of importance in combination with the impacts. Findings: The first results reveal that activities related to water resources or natural ecosystems are more important than those related to energy or tourism sectors, and that there is a relationship between opportunities and adaptation needs. Practical implications: The paper documents the inverse relationship between adaptation measures and opportunities in a study that may be a starting-point for further research into empirical observations of sector vulnerability and the impact and integration of the factor of resilience. Originality/value: The paper provides a common language to use in the business world for concepts related to climate change. It provides a methodological approach for finding solutions to the problem of resource optimisation in companies and helps to find new business opportunities for sectors.Item C-A-S-H gels formed in alkali-activated slag cement pastes. Structure and effect on cement properties and durability(2014) Puertas, F.; Palacios, M.; Manzano, H.; Dolado, J. S.; Rico, A.; Rodriguez, J.; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThe development of alternatives to traditional Portland cement produced with more eco-efficient processes (lower energy consumption and CO2 gas emissions) is an item on climate change and innovation agendas. Alkaline cements and concretes are an effective alternative to traditional cements. The structure of the C-S-H gel in Portland cements consists mostly of 14-nm tobermorite (with a chain length of five) and jennite (2-link chain). The mechanical properties of C-S-H gels can be explained in terms of the three types of packing found in these gels: low density (LD), high density (HD) and ultra-high density (UHD). The main reaction product in alkali-activated slag (AAS) cements is a C-A-S-H gel, which adopts different structures depending on the nature of the alkaline activator. When the activator is a NaOH solution (4 % Na2O by slag weight), the C-A-S-H gel formed has an intermediate structure between 14-nm tobermorite with a chain length of five links and 11-nm tobermorite with 14 links. When the activator is a waterglass solution (4 % Na2O by slag weight), traits characteristic of 14-nm tobermorite with 11-link chains and 11-nm tobermorite with a chain length of 14 co-exist in the structure of the C-A-S-H gel formed. This densely packed structure (with three HD states) yields excellent mechanical properties. Like the C-A-S-H gels obtained in NaOH (4% Na2O)-activated AAS paste, the C-A-S-H gels forming in AAS gels activated with waterglass have no UHD states. The structure and composition of these C-A-S-H gels determine strength development in AAS mortars and concretes as well as their resistance to aggressive chemicals.Item Carbon molecular sieve membranes for selective CO2 separation at elevated temperatures and pressures(2023-02) Rahimalimamaghani, A.; Godini, H.R.; Mboussi, M.; Pacheco Tanaka, A.; Llosa Tanco, M.; Gallucci, F.; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOSThe use of Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes (CMSM) for selective CO2 separation from post-combustion CO2-rich streams from steel plant was experimentally evaluated and reported in this paper. Efficient CMSMs were developed for such application and their promising potentials in operating at elevated temperatures and pressures were experimentally demonstrated. The best performance in terms of flux as well as perm-selectivity, above the Robeson upper bound, was obtained using a CMSM developed with ethylenediamine in the dip-coating stage of the fabrication. In fact, adding ethylenediamine was proven to be particularly important in narrowing down the pore size distribution to ultra-micropore and establishing effective CO2 adsorption site over the membrane surface and the pores wall. It was shown that using a tailored CMSM with a precursor synthesized by co-polymerization of ethylenediamine with Novolac can improve the CO2/N2 ideal perm-selectivity from 33 to 97 at operational conditions of 200 °C and 20 bar.Item Carbon-Free Electricity Generation in Spain with PV–Storage Hybrid Systems(2022-06-29) Fraile Ardanuy, Jesús; Alvaro-Hermana, Roberto; Castano-Solis, Sandra; Merino, Julia; Tecnalia Research & InnovationClimate change motivated by human activities constitutes one of the main challenges of this century. To cut carbon emissions in order to mitigate carbon’s dangerous effects, the current energy generation mix should be shifted to renewable sources. The main drawback of these technologies is their intermittency, which will require energy storage systems to be fully integrated into the generation mix, allowing them to be more controllable. In recent years, great progress to develop an effective and economically feasible energy storage systems, particularly motivated by the recent rise of demand for electric transportation, has been made. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery prices have fallen near 90% over the past decade, making possible the affordability of electric vehicles and transforming the economics of renewable energy. In this work, a study on storage capacity demand previously presented as conference paper is expanded, including a deep analysis of the Spanish generation mix, the evaluation of the energy storage requirements for different low-carbon and carbon-free scenarios in Mainland Spain, and the calculation of the CO2 emissions’ reduction and the associated storage costs.Item Cements based on kaolinite waste(2018-08-10) García Giménez, Rosario; Vigil de la Villa Mencía, Raquel; Frías, Moises; Martínez Ramírez, Sagrario; Vegas Ramiro, Iñigo; Fernández Carrasco, Lucía; GENERALThe cement industry involves high-energy consumption that generates high CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Environmental concerns can be addressed by replacing parts of Portland cement clinkers with pozzolanic materials in mortars and concrete. Slag, fly ash and silica fume are materials considered for the planned replacement. Research studies on clay minerals, such as kaolinite, are being followed with special attention by the scientific community and the cement industry. It is well known that these minerals require an activation process to transform kaolinite (K) into metakaolinite (MK). MK is an amorphous material from the transformation of K with high pozzolanic activity, which is its capacity to react with the portlandite released during the hydration of Portland cement, generating compounds such as C–S–H gels and some aluminum-phase hydrates. One of the MK production methods is heat treatment controlled by kaolinite at temperatures in the range of 600–900°C. Different residues have been used (coal mining, paper sludge and waste from a drinking water treatment plant) activated at 600°C for 2h to elaborate blended cements. Due to their good behaviour as future eco-efficient additions, this research is a study by x-ray fluorescence (XRF), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of their influence on the performances of blended cement mixtures (binary and ternary one), with substitutions of pozzolan ratio at 28 days of hydration. The porosity of pozzolanic cements decreases because of the formation of hydrated phases during pozzolanic reaction.Item Climate change impacts on flood events and its consequences on human in Deba River(2014) Mendizabal, M.; Sepúlveda, J.; Torp, P.; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThe scientific community agrees that climate change is one of the greatest challenges that our society will have to face this century. Indeed, the fourth report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) confirms the certitude of this phenomenon and its impacts, which can range from droughts to floods, health problems and food shortages. The principal objective of this paper is to assess the impact of climate change on flood events and its consequences on human. This point is necessary to define and evaluate different adaptation options. Even taking into account the medium greenhouse emission scenario, according to the results, it is expected that extreme precipitation will increase during the twenty century, although there is an uncertainty in the percentage due to the climatic models. It is expected an increase in peak discharge between 14±9 and 15±8 for 3 models and for the period 2001-2040 with a return period exceeding 40 years. For the period 2041-2080 there is more uncertainty, it is expected an increase between 12±8 and 19±10 for 2 models. According to the results, changes in flood event are expected with its associated uncertainty and new flood zones are detected with greater hazard to people.Item Climate change risk assessment for the historic city(University of Cantabria - Building Technology R&D Group, 2016) Gandini, Alessandra; Garmendia, Leire; Lasarte, Natalia; San Mateos, Rosa; Villegas, Luis; Lombillo, Ignacio; Blanco, Haydee; Boffill, Yosbel; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANA; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; E&I SEGURAS Y RESILIENTESCities accommodate around three quarters of the population, a share which is expected to increase in the next future, concentrate major economic and innovative assets and, for these reasons, are becoming the focus of the fight against climate change. Historic centres are key pillars of their economy, contribute to welfare and quality of life and represent the expression of human culture. Impacts of climate change on historic cities are still uncertain, as they depend on the nature, specific characteristics, inherent vulnerability and geographical environment of the site. Historic cities are requested to adapt to climate change by developing resilient aptitudes to external attacks, such as extreme temperatures, precipitations, floods, landslides, storms and anthropogenic threats. The combination of multi risk assessment and climatic projections is essential for the establishment of the vulnerability of these complex systems, in order to guarantee effective management and adaptation measures, both at urban and building level. Conservation practices require for new holistic and adaptive strategies based on risks indicators with the objective of reducing losses and damages to cultural heritage towards new arising challenges. Aware of the increasing concern of climate change, this paper describes the on-going research activities on a comprehensive methodology for cultural heritage risk assessment for the subsequent implementation of solutions and strategies for the management, protection and adaptation of historic cities.Item Climate change risk assessment: A holistic multi-stakeholder methodology for the sustainable development of cities: A holistic multi-stakeholder methodology for the sustainable development of cities(2021-02) Gandini, Alessandra; Quesada, Laura; Prieto, Iñaki; Garmendia, Leire; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANACities are at risk due to global climate change, increasing both the frequency and the intensity of storms and extreme precipitation, sea-level rise, and other extreme weather events. Disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change should include a holistic and multi-scale perspective, to address the challenges of sustainable urban development and the conservation of the cultural value of our cities. In this research, an integral multi-stakeholder methodological approach is presented for risk assessment, supported by a data-collection and analysis strategy and a multi-scale urban model based on CityGML. A method of sampling buildings is presented together with the necessary data analysis, in order to perform the analysis at city scale. The methodology is implemented in Donostia- San Sebastián (northern Spain), a city located alongside a river estuary on the coastline. A sample of 2262 buildings are analyzed with varied characteristics at risk of extreme precipitation and/or storm surges and sea-level rise. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the methodology at generating a unique risk index through a balance between the resources for data collection and the accuracy of the results, supported by a graphical 3D representation to facilitate results interpretation, and the subsequent evidence-based decision-making for prioritizing sustainable interventions.Item Comparison of Flat and Hollow-Fiber Mixed-Matrix Composite Membranes for CO2 Separation with Temperature(2017-05) Fernández-Barquín, Ana; Casado-Coterillo, Clara; Etxeberria-Benavides, Miren; Zuñiga, Jon; Irabien, Angel; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOSZeolite A/poly (1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (zeoliteA/PTMSP) and [emim][Ac]/chitosan (IL/CS) are mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) materials with enhanced CO2/N2 permselectivity even at higher temperature. The scalability to asymmetric flat and hollow-fiber geometry by a simple dip-coating method was analyzed. The CO2/N2 separation performance was evaluated at different temperatures. The resulting composite membranes exhibit a significantly enhanced CO2 permeation flux because the MMM layer thickness is reduced by 97 % from flat to hollow-fiber geometries in IL-CS composite membranes, while the selectivity is maintained similar to the self-standing membranes, thus proving that compatibility between the membrane component materials leads to a defect-free composite membrane, regardless the geometry and temperature.Item A comprehensive ontologies-based framework to support the retrofitting design of energy-efficient districts(CRC Press/Balkema, 2016) Costa, G.; Sicilia; Lilis, G. N.; Rovas, D. V.; Izkara, J.; Christodoulou, Symeon E.; Scherer, Raimar; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAAs part of the Europe 2020strategy, one of the challenges for the European construction sector is to reduce the energy footprint and CO2 emissions from new and renovated buildings. This interest is also fostered at a district scale with new technological solutions being developed to achieve more efficient designs. In response to this challenge, a web-based platform for district energy-efficient retrofitting design projects has been proposed in the context of OptEEmAL research project. In order to provide data integration and interoperability between BIM/GIS models and energy simulation tools through this platform, a District Data Model (DDM) has been devised. In this model, fields for urban sustainable regeneration (energy, social, environment, comfort, urban morphology and economic) are related to existing ontological models based on the CityGML and IFC schemas. This paper discusses how the semantic representation from IFC and CityGML files with different levels of detail can be integrated to obtain consistent description of the district in the proposed district data model.