Browsing by Keyword "Model"
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Item From the Concept of Being “the Boss” to the Idea of Being “a Team”: The Adaptive Co-Pilot as the Enabler for a New Cooperative Framework: The adaptive co-pilot as the enabler for a new cooperative framework(2021-07-28) Marcano, Mauricio; Tango, Fabio; Sarabia, Joseba; Castellano, Andrea; Pérez, Joshué; Irigoyen, Eloy; Díaz, Sergio; CCAMThe “classical” SAE LoA for automated driving can present several drawbacks, and the SAE-L2 and SAE-L3, in particular, can lead to the so-called “irony of automation”, where the driver is substituted by the artificial system, but is still regarded as a “supervisor” or as a “fallback mechanism”. To overcome this problem, while taking advantage of the latest technology, we regard both human and machine as members of a unique team that share the driving task. Depending on the available resources (in terms of driver’s status, system state, and environment conditions) and considering that they are very dynamic, an adaptive assignment of authority for each member of the team is needed. This is achieved by designing a technology enabler, constituted by the intelligent and adaptive co-pilot. It comprises (1) a lateral shared controller based on NMPC, which applies the authority, (2) an arbitration module based on FIS, which calculates the authority, and (3) a visual HMI, as an enabler of trust in automation decisions and actions. The benefits of such a system are shown in this paper through a comparison of the shared control driving mode, with manual driving (as a baseline) and lane-keeping and lane-centering (as two commercial ADAS). Tests are performed in a use case where support for a distracted driver is given. Quantitative and qualitative results confirm the hypothesis that shared control offers the best balance between performance, safety, and comfort during the driving task.Item A taxonomy of models for investigating hydrogen energy systems(2022-10) Blanco, Herib; Leaver, Jonathan; Dodds, Paul E.; Dickinson, Robert; García-Gusano, Diego; Iribarren, Diego; Lind, Arne; Wang, Changlong; Danebergs, Janis; Baumann, Martin; PLANIFICACIÓN ENERGÉTICAHydrogen can serve multiple purposes within the energy system, from flexibility provider, to decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, to chemical feedstock. A range of model paradigms have been developed to assess the potential for hydrogen energy systems while accounting for the unique characteristics of hydrogen. This study proposes a taxonomy to classify models of hydrogen energy systems. The taxonomy is based on a review of 29 studies that proposed a taxonomy for energy models in general. This review identified 124 categories that are commonly used to map models, which were grouped into six major categories. This general taxonomy was then adapted to hydrogen, leaving only 32 categories in four major categories. Nine hydrogen archetypes that cover the entire spectrum of studies of hydrogen energy systems were identified. Each of these archetypes was mapped against the categories defined which allowed identifying common gaps across archetypes and degree of interrelationship between them. The environmental and high spatial resolution aspects are only covered by one archetype. The correlation between archetypes assessed in this study can be used to identify opportunities for soft-linking. All the archetypes provide partial answers and using a modeling suite composed of various models could address shortcomings of individual archetypes. All models have a strong focus on technology and costs, with other aspects such as the innovation cycle, market design and policy levers to promote deployment receiving little focus. Capturing these dynamics in the hydrogen archetypes would enable a more holistic analysis and would also facilitate subsequent action.