Browsing by Keyword "Hydrogen"
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Item Catalytic membrane reactor for the production of biofuels(2016-06-15) Liuzzi, Dalia; Pérez-Alonso, Francisco José; Fierro, José Luis G.; Rojas, Sergio; Van Wijk, Frank L.; Roghair, Ivo; Van Sint Annaland, Martin; Fernandez, Ekain; Viviente, Jose Luis; Tanaka, D. A.Pacheco; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOSThe H2-distributed feeding concept using Pd/Ag-based membranes and an Ru-based catalyst in a Packed Bed Membrane Reactor (H2-PBMR) for the synthesis of biofuels via the so-called Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis has been demonstrated. The most successful approach resulted when H2-poor syngas (H2/CO = 1) typically obtained from the gasification of biomass was fed directly through the reaction chamber, i.e., to the catalyst bed, whereas the H2 needed to reach the proper stoichiometry for the FTS (H2/CO = 2) was admitted, and properly distributed, into the catalyst bed through the Pd/Ag-based membrane by flowing H2/He mixtures at the retentate side of the membrane. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the CO conversion measured with the H2-distributed feeding concept is lower than that obtained in a conventional Packed Bed Reactor with H2/CO = 2 (37.9 vs 50.7%), but significantly higher than that obtained in a conventional reactor with H2/CO = 1 (14.1%). Remarkably, the productivity towards high-molecular hydrocarbons increases by almost 70% and the methane production decreases by one order of magnitude when using the H2-distributed feeding concept in a Packed Bed Membrane Reactor.Item Cooperative Simulation Tool with the Energy Management System for the Storage of Electricity Surplus through Hydrogen(2015) Díaz de Arcaya, A.; González-González, A.; Alzola, J.A.; Sánchez, V.The INGRID project aims at demonstrating the effective usage of safe, high-density, solid-state hydrogen storage systems for power supply and demand balancing within active power distribution grids with high penetration of intermittent Distributed Generation (Renewable Energy Sources in particular.) The INGRID simulator is divided in two main blocks: the first one represents the Energy Management System, the second one includes the Green Energy Storage System (water electrolyzer, hydrogen solid-storage systems and fuel cell) created to simulate the plant. This paper describes the modules of INGRID simulator and the transient responses of the system for an energy management system virtual according to the power prediction of renewable energy sources, hydrogen demand and the power demand of electric vehiclesItem Gas Blowing Ultrasonic Aluminium Degassing Assessment with the Reduced Pressure Test (RPT) Method(2020) Galarraga, Haize; García de Cortázar, Maider; Arregi, E.; Artola, Antxon; Oncala, J.L.; Merchán-Zubieta, Mikel; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; CIRMETALEntrapped gases, solidification shrinkage and non-metallic compound formation are main sources of porosity in aluminium alloy castings. Porosity is detrimental to the mechanical properties of these castings; therefore, its reduction is pursued. Rotary degassing is the method mostly employed in industry to remove dissolved gases from aluminium melts, reducing porosity formation during solidification of the cast part. Recently, ultrasonic degassing has emerged as a promising alternative thanks to a lower dross formation and higher energy efficiency. This work aims to evaluate the efficiency of the ultrasonic degasser and compare it to a conventional rotary degassing technique applied to an AlSi10Mg alloy. Degassing efficiency was evaluated employing the reduced pressure test (RPT), where samples solidified under reduced pressure conditions are analysed. Factors affecting RPT were considered and temperature parameters for the test were established. The influence of ultrasonic degassing process parameters, such as degassing treatment duration and purging gas flow rate were studied, as well as treated aluminium volume and oxide content. Finally, ultrasonic degassing process was contrasted to a conventional rotary degassing technique, comparing their efficiency.Item Grid-Connected Energy Storage Systems: State-of-the-Art and Emerging Technologies(2023-04-01) Farivar, Glen G.; Manalastas, William; Tafti, Hossein Dehghani; Ceballos, Salvador; Sanchez-Ruiz, Alain; Lovell, Emma C.; Konstantinou, Georgios; Townsend, Christopher D.; Srinivasan, Madhavi; Pou, Josep; POWER ELECTRONICS AND SYSTEM EQUIPMENTHigh penetration of renewable energy resources in the power system results in various new challenges for power system operators. One of the promising solutions to sustain the quality and reliability of the power system is the integration of energy storage systems (ESSs). This article investigates the current and emerging trends and technologies for grid-connected ESSs. Different technologies of ESSs categorized as mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, chemical, and thermal are briefly explained. Especially, a detailed review of battery ESSs (BESSs) is provided as they are attracting much attention owing, in part, to the ongoing electrification of transportation. Then, the services that grid-connected ESSs provide to the grid are discussed. Grid connection of the BESSs requires power electronic converters. Therefore, a survey of popular power converter topologies, including transformer-based, transformerless with distributed or common dc-link, and hybrid systems, along with some discussions for implementing advanced grid support functionalities in the BESS control, is presented. Furthermore, the requirements of new standards and grid codes for grid-connected BESSs are reviewed for several countries around the globe. Finally, emerging technologies, including flexible power control of photovoltaic systems, hydrogen, and second-life batteries from electric vehicles, are discussed in this article.Item Hydrogen permeation and stability in ultra-thin Pd-Ru supported membranes(2020-03-04) Liu, Jinxia; Bellini, Stefano; de Nooijer, Niek C.A.; Sun, Yu; Pacheco Tanaka, David Alfredo; Tang, Chunhua; Li, Hui; Gallucci, Fausto; Caravella, Alessio; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOSIn this paper, we report the performance of supported PdRu membranes for possible applications to hydrogen purification and/or production. For this purpose, we fabricated three ultra-thin α-alumina-supported membranes by combined plating techniques: a PdAg membrane (3 μm-thick ca.) and two PdRu (1.8 μm-thick ca.). The former is set as a benchmark for comparison. The membranes were characterised using different methodologies: permeation tests, thermal treatment and SEM analysis. Preliminary leakage tests performed with nitrogen has revealed that the two PdRu membranes, namely PdRu#1 and PdRu#2, show a non-ideal (non-infinite) selectivity, which is relatively low for the former (around 830 at 400 °C) and sufficiently high for the latter (2645 at 400 °C). This indicates a relevant presence of defects in the PdRu#2 membrane, differently from what observed for the PdAg and PdRu#1 ones. The permeation tests show that the hydrogen permeating flux is stable up to around 550 °C, with an apparently unusual behaviour at higher temperatures (600 °C), where we observe a slightly decrease of hydrogen flux with an increase of the nitrogen one. Moreover, a peculiar bubble-shaped structure is observed in the metal layer of all membranes after usage by means of SEM image analysis. This is explained by considering the effect of the Pd-alloy grain surface energy, which tends to minimise the exposed surface area of the grain interface by creating sphere-like bubble in the lattice, similar to what occurs for soap bubbles in water. The above-mentioned decrease in hydrogen flux at 600 °C is explained to be caused by the bubble formation, which pushes the alloy deeper in the support pores.Item Regeneration of Exhausted Palladium-Based Membranes: Recycling Process and Economics: Recycling Process and Economics(2022-07-21) Toro, Luigi; Moscardini, Emanuela; Baldassari, Ludovica M.; Forte, Flavia; Coletta, Jacopo; Palo, Emma; Cosentino, Vittoria; Angelini, Fabio; Arratibel Plazaola, Alba; Pagnanelli, Francesca; Altimari, Pietro; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOSThe aim of the present work is the recycling treatment of tubular α-Al2O3-supported ceramic membranes with a Pd/Ag selective layer, employed in hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture. A nitric acid leaching treatment was investigated, and recovered ceramic supports were characterized, demonstrating their suitability for the production of novel efficient membranes. The main objective was the metal dissolution that preserved the support integrity in order to allow the recovered membrane to be suitable for a new deposition of the selective layer. The conditions that obtained a satisfactory dissolution rate of the Pd/Ag layer while avoiding the support to be damaged are as follows: nitric acid 3 M, 60 °C and 3.5 h of reaction time. The efficiency of the recovered supports was determined by nitrogen permeance and surface roughness analysis, and the economic figures were analysed to evaluate the convenience of the regeneration process and the advantage of a recycled membrane over a new membrane. The experimentation carried out demonstrates the proposed process feasibility both in terms of recycling and economic results.Item Use of a reforming catalyst for hydrogen production in the carbonization process of torrefied biomass(2020-11-10) Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, Alexander; Acha, Esther; Adrados, Aitziber; Solar, Jon; Caballero, Blanca María; de Marco, Isabel; PROMETALThe utilization of charcoal from woody biomass is an efficient way to reduce CO2 emissions from the metallurgical industry. The main aim of this work is to study the charcoal production process from torrefied biomass. For this purpose, torrefaction (3◦C min−1, 250◦C, 30 min) and carbonization (3◦C min−1, 750◦C, 30 min) experiments of eucalyptus wood were carried out in a 3.5 L tank reactor. In the carbonization experiments, a thermo-catalytic treatment of the vaporized phase was also performed, with the objective of producing less condensates and H2-rich gases. The results show that the torrefaction pre-treatment does not affect the chemical properties of charcoal but significantly improves the performance of the carbonization process, where more than 50 wt% of charcoal is obtained. In addition, the thermal and thermo-catalytic treatment of the vaporized phase during the carbonization of torrefied biomass yields better results than in the case of fresh biomass. When torrefied biomass is used as raw material and the reforming catalyst is employed to treat the vapors and gases, a proportion of 71 vol% of H2 in the gases is achieved, together with very low quantities of condensates (8.0 wt%). This allows designing a carbonization process in which, in addition to charcoal, pure H2 can also be produced.Item Value of green hydrogen when curtailed to provide grid balancing services(2022-10-05) Zenith, Federico; Flote, Martin Nord; Santos-Mugica, Maider; Duncan, Corey Scott; Mariani, Valerio; Marcantonini, Claudio; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMSThis paper evaluates the potential of grid services in France, Italy, Norway and Spain to provide an alternative income for electrolysers producing hydrogen from wind power. Grid services are simulated with each country's data for 2017 for energy prices, grid services and wind power profiles from relevant wind parks. A novel metric is presented, the value of curtailed hydrogen, which is independent from several highly uncertain parameters such as electrolyser cost or hydrogen market price. Results indicate that grid services can monetise the unused spare capacity of electrolyser plants, improving their economy in the critical deployment phase. For most countries, up-regulation yields a value of curtailed hydrogen above 6 €/kg, over 3 times higher than the EU's 2030 price target (without incentives). However, countries with large hydro power resources such as Norway yield far lower results, below 2 €/kg. The value of curtailed hydrogen also decreases with hydrogen production, corresponding to the cases of symmetric and down-regulation.