Browsing by Keyword "General Physics and Astronomy"
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Item Accelerated aging test of solar reflectors according to the new AENOR standard – results of a round Robin test(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2018-11-08) Fernández-García, Aránzazu; Martínez-Arcos, Lucía; Sutter, Florian; Wette, Johannes; Sallaberry, Fabienne; Erice, Raquel; Diamantino, Teresa; Carvalho, M. João; Raccurt, Olivier; Pescheux, Anne-Claire; Imbuluzqueta, Gorka; Machado, Maider; Mancilla, Rodrigo; Richter, Christoph; SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS; Tecnalia Research & InnovationDurability tests of reflector materials for concentrating solar applications are crucial to guarantee the profitability of the plants and to ensure a proper efficiency during their lifetime. A standard including a set of five accelerated aging tests is close to be published by the Spanish standardization entity AENOR, within the sub-committee AEN/CTN 206/SC117. Under the framework of the STAGE-STE project, a Round Robin Test was organized by six partners to evaluate the comparability of results obtained in their respective laboratories after performing these durability tests. According to the results, in general a good agreement among the partners was found, with negligible to slight reflectance losses. In addition, it was noticed that the reference standard used in the reflectance measurements is of high importance. The conclusions of this work will help to improve the standard in future versions.Item Analysis of multivariate stochastic signals sampled by on-line particle analyzers: Application to the quantitative assessment of occupational exposure to NOAA in multisource industrial scenarios (MSIS): Application to the quantitative assessment of occupational exposure to NOAA in multisource industrial scenarios (MSIS)(2015-05-26) López de Ipiña, J.M.; Vaquero-Moralejo, Celina; Gutierrez-Cañas, C.; Pui, D.Y.H.; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; SMART_MON; PRINTEXIn multisource industrial scenarios (MSIS) coexist NOAA generating activities with other productive sources of airborne particles, such as parallel processes of manufacturing or electrical and diesel machinery. A distinctive characteristic of MSIS is the spatially complex distribution of aerosol sources, as well as their potential differences in dynamics, due to the feasibility of multi-task configuration at a given time. Thus, the background signal is expected to challenge the aerosol analyzers at a probably wide range of concentrations and size distributions, depending of the multisource configuration at a given time. Monitoring and prediction by using statistical analysis of time series captured by on-line particle analyzersin industrial scenarios, have been proven to be feasible in predicting PNC evolution provided a given quality of net signals (difference between signal at source and background). However the analysis and modelling of non-consistent time series, influenced by low levels of SNR (Signal-Noise Ratio) could build a misleading basis for decision making. In this context, this work explores the use of stochastic models based on ARIMA methodology to monitor and predict exposure values (PNC). The study was carried out in a MSIS where an case study focused on the manufacture of perforated tablets of nano-TiO2 by cold pressing was performed.Item Application of standardization for the design and construction of carbon nanotube-based product pilot lines in compliance with EU regulation on machinery(2019-10-17) López de Ipiña, Jesús M; Florez, Sonia; Seddon, Richard; Chapartegui, Maialen; Hernan, Angel; Insunza, Mario; Vavouliotis, Antonios; Koutsoukis, Gregorios; Latko-Durałek, Paulina; Durałek, Paweł; Perez, Pilar; Gutierrez-Cañas, Cristina; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; SMART_MON; POLIMEROSThe "PLATFORM" manufacturing ecosystem for pilot production of pre-commercial CNT-based nano-enabled products, consists of three pilot lines (PPLs) for the manufacture of buckypapers, doped prepregs and doped veils. The PPLs have been constructed with the ultimate goal to commercialize these products in the European market in 2020/2022.This goal requires having the PPLs in compliance with the applicable product safety regulation by that date (CE marking). The main EU regulation for new machinery (as the PPLs) is the Directive 2006/42/EC on Machinery (MD). This Directive sets out the general mandatory Essential Health and Safety Requirements (EHSRs) related to the design and construction of machinery, while particular technical specifications for fulfilling them are provided in European harmonized standards. Application of harmonized standards is voluntary but confers a presumption of conformity with the EHSRs they cover. The PPLs are unique machines for own use and must comply with the MD before they are put into service, in 2020/2022. But the MD does not provide specific EHSRs for nanosafety and no harmonized standards are available in this field for the safe design of the PPLs. In this context, this paper shows the standardization strategy followed by the project PLATFORM (GA 646307) to design the PPLs in compliance with the EHSR referred to the risks to health resulting from hazardous substances emitted by machinery (MD, Annex I, EHSR 1.5.13). In the absence of nanosafety harmonized standards to satisfy the aforementioned EHSR, the design and design verification of the PPLs were carried out through A & B - type harmonized standards (e.g. EN ISO 12100, EN ISO 14123-1/2), and other European and international standards.Item Chromium-free conversion coatings based on inorganic salts(Zr/Ti/Mn/Mo) for aluminum alloys used in aircraft applications(2015-08-01) Santa Coloma, Patricia; Izagirre, Usoa; Belaustegui, Yolanda; Jorcin, J.B.; Cano, F.J.; Lapeña, N.; Belaustegi, Y.; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; INGENIERÍA DE SUPERFICIES; VALORIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOS; MATERIALES PARA CONDICIONES EXTREMAS; SGNovel chromium-free conversion coatings based on Zr/Ti/Mn/Mo compounds were developed at a pilot scale to improve the corrosion resistance of the AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys for aircraft applications. The influence of the presence of Zr and Ti in the Zr/Ti/Mn/Mo conversion bath's formulation on the corrosion resistance of the coated alloys was investigated. The corrosion resistance provided by the conversion coatings was evaluated by salt spray exposure and potentiodynamic sweeps. Optical and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) operating in the Kelvin Probe mode (SKPFM) were used to provide microstructural information of the coated samples that achieved the best results in the corrosion tests. The salt spray test evidenced the higher corrosion resistance of the coated samples compared to the bare surfaces for both alloys. The potentiodynamic tests showed that the corrosion current density decreased for coated AA7075-T6 and AA2024-T3 alloys, which indicated an obvious improvement of the corrosion resistance with all the processes for both alloys. Although the corrosion resistance of the coated samples appeared to be higher for the alloy AA7075-T6 than for the alloy AA2024-T3, both alloys achieved the best corrosion protection with the coatings deposited from conversion bath formulations containing no titanium salts. The microscopy analysis on the coated AA7075-T6 samples revealed that a local deposition of Zr compounds and, possibly, an oxidation process occurred in the vicinity of the alloy's intermetallic particles. The amount of the Zr deposits at these locations increased with coating's formulations without Ti, which provided the best corrosion resistance. The Cr-free conversion coatings developed in this study for the AA7075-T6 and AA2024-T3 alloys do not meet yet the strict requirements of the aircraft industry. However, they significantly improved the corrosion performance with respect to the bare alloys and could be a good starting point for further studies and optimization.Item Composite polymeric materials as an alternative to aluminium for improved energy performance of ventilated façade systems(2019-11-20) Arregi, Beñat; Elguezabal, Peru; Álvarez, Izaskun; EDIFICACIÓN DE ENERGÍA POSITIVA; ECOEFICIENCIA DE PRODUCTOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓNVentilated façade systems have become an interesting solution in the field of energy efficiency for buildings thanks to their associated improvement in thermal insulation properties. However, differences exist between real and theoretical thermal performance, resulting in an increase of actual energy consumption above predicted values. Part of this mismatch can be attributed to thermal bridges both at support elements and at construction junctions, which are usually overlooked by simplified calculations. The present study assesses the potential for substituting metallic elements with polymeric composite materials for two key elements of ventilated façades: the support subframe of the external cladding and the external window reveals. Thermal, structural and durability properties are specifically assessed. Results show that overall heating energy savings between 7 and 13% can be obtained through the use of pultruded composite profiles at support brackets and window reveals instead of aluminium components. Such solutions are feasible from a mechanical and durability point of view, and the extra costs are offset in a short period through the reduction in heating expenses.Item Deep Neural Networks for ECG-Based Pulse Detection during Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest(2019-03-01) Elola, Andoni; Aramendi, Elisabete; Irusta, Unai; Picón, Artzai; Alonso, Erik; Owens, Pamela; Idris, Ahamed; COMPUTER_VISIONThe automatic detection of pulse during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is necessary for the early recognition of the arrest and the detection of return of spontaneous circulation (end of the arrest). The only signal available in every single defibrillator and valid for the detection of pulse is the electrocardiogram (ECG). In this study we propose two deep neural network (DNN) architectures to detect pulse using short ECG segments (5 s), i.e., to classify the rhythm into pulseless electrical activity (PEA) or pulse-generating rhythm (PR). A total of 3914 5-s ECG segments, 2372 PR and 1542 PEA, were extracted from 279 OHCA episodes. Data were partitioned patient-wise into training (80%) and test (20%) sets. The first DNN architecture was a fully convolutional neural network, and the second architecture added a recurrent layer to learn temporal dependencies. Both DNN architectures were tuned using Bayesian optimization, and the results for the test set were compared to state-of-the art PR/PEA discrimination algorithms based on machine learning and hand crafted features. The PR/PEA classifiers were evaluated in terms of sensitivity (Se) for PR, specificity (Sp) for PEA, and the balanced accuracy (BAC), the average of Se and Sp. The Se/Sp/BAC of the DNN architectures were 94.1%/92.9%/93.5% for the first one, and 95.5%/91.6%/93.5% for the second one. Both architectures improved the performance of state of the art methods by more than 1.5 points in BAC.Item Design and analysis of performance of a DC power optimizer for HCPV systems within CPVMatch project(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2018-09-13) Alonso, Ricardo; Pereda, Ainhoa; Bilbao, Eneko; Cortajarena, Jose Antonio; Vidaurrazaga, Iñigo; Román, Eduardo; Anton, Ignacio; Steiner, Marc; Steiner, Myles; SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOSAs most of PV systems, CPV systems are also affected by mismatching losses, particularly due to misalignment of optics and receivers. As a result, module level power electronics can help to increase their energy yield by making every CPV module deliver it maximum power at the output. Among the different alternatives, solutions based on DC power optimizers exhibit higher conversion efficiencies and lower costs than microinverters. However, while microinverters ensure optimal operation independently from the operating conditions, system design with DC power optimizers must be carefully examined to avoid potential underperformance. This paper describes not only the customized design and validation of a high-efficiency and economical DC power optimizer for HCPV systems, but also a comprehensive analysis of the whole system design to optimize its production under expected working conditions.Item Digital Twins applied to the implementation of Safe-by-Design strategies in nano-processes for the reduction of airborne emission and occupational exposure to nano-forms(2021-06-22) López De Ipiña, Jesús M.; Aznar, Gabriel; Lopez, Alberto; Olite, Jorge; Koivisto, Joonas; Bartolini, Gianni; Costa, Anna; SMART_MON; INDUSTRY_THINGSDigital Twins (DTs) are one of the most promising enabling technologies for the deployment of the factory of the future and the Industry 4.0 framework. DTs could be labelled as an inherently Safe-by-Design (SbD) strategy and can be applied at different stages in the life cycle of a process. The EU-funded project ASINA has the ambition to promote coherent, applicable and scientifically sound SbD nano-practices. In particular, in the field of nanomanufacturing, ASINA intends to deliver innovative SbD solutions applied to process (P-SbD). In this context, ASINA will investigate the use of DTs as a disruptive digital technology for the prevention, prediction and control of nano-forms airborne emission and worker exposure. This paper introduces the concept of DT in the field of nano-processes SbD and outlines the preliminary architecture of ASINA-DT, that will be developed and implemented by ASINA in one industrial scenario.Item Dynamic corrosion tests comparison: Dynamic reactor vs high temperature pilot plant scale setup for Chilean LiNO3 containing molten salt: Dynamic reactor vs high temperature pilot plant scale setup for Chilean LiNO3 containing molten salt(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2018-11-08) Fernández, A. G.; Henriquez, M.; Mallco, A.; Muñoz-Sánchez, B.; Nieto-Maestre, J.; Mancilla, Rodrigo; Richter, Christoph; VALORIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOSDynamic corrosion tests have been compared in a novel ternary molten salt containing LiNO3 between a dynamic reactor (using a mechanical stirrer) and a molten salt pilot plant (1 Ton of capacity). Results obtained showed a higher increase in corrosion rate in flow conditions compared with the conventional static conditions and the stirrer reactor.Item Experimental investigation of electric discharge parameters in correlation with peak pressure at industrial electrohydraulic forming(2019-10) Pérez, I.; Knyazyev, M. K.; San José, J.; PROMETALThe paper shows the investigation results of correlating electric discharge and pressure field parameters aimed to improvements in the electrohydraulic impact forming (EHF) technology at industrial application. The experimental research was performed by using a conical discharge chamber equipped with a set of two electrodes in semi-industrial EHF installation. Pressure fields along round flat area were measured by applying the multi-point membrane pressure gauge methodology. The conditions of the tests include a wide range of spark gaps with four levels of charge voltage and energy. Measurements of discharge voltage and current are performed with voltage divider, Rogovsky coil and electronic oscilloscope. Other electric discharge parameters were calculated from the recorded voltage and current curves. The essence of investigation is to analyse energy parameters for peak pressure of shock wave generated by these discharge energy parameters. Though these dependencies were earlier analysed theoretically and tested in electrohydraulic plants under laboratory conditions, the practical interest in this experimental investigation is to reveal influence of conditions of real semi-industrial EHF press designed for batch production of sheet parts. Conducted experimental investigation has shown that industrial applications of high-voltage non-initiated discharges can significantly deviate from the theoretical and laboratory results. Dependencies of peak pressure from maximum power during the first semi-period of discharge current and slope of power curve appeared to be not so strong. These deviations in peak pressure can reach 20–30%. Among the assumed additional factors influencing energy and pressure parameters are: condition of current-conductive rod of electrode (erosion, rust, radius); condition (wear) of electrode insulator (increase of naked area of current-conductive rod); variations in shape, position and length of discharge channel relative to spark gap; “shadowing” effect of electrodes at some positions of discharge channel relative to electrode;, several discharge channels at small spark gap and other. To reveal effect of these factors the authors plan to carry-out tests with wire-initiated discharges to check the variations in shape, position and length of discharge channel relative to spark gap in the same discharge chamber configuration.Item Exposure to graphene in a pilot production plant(2019-10-17) Vaquero, C.; Wendelbo, R.; Egizabal, A.; Gutierrez-Cañas, C.; López de Ipiña, J.; PRINTEX; Biomateriales; SMART_MONWorkers exposure to graphene was measured in a pilot production plant. Reduced graphene oxide was produced through graphite oxidation and posterior thermal reduction. The monitoring was performed using two handheld on-line devices covering the particle size range from 10 nm to 10 μm (CPC3007 and OPS3330). Simultaneously, personal and area filter samples were collected for off line analysis, including gravimetric, elemental carbon analysis and SEM/EDX. Significant releases of particles were identified in two tasks, during the graphene oxide washing, and during its milling. However, the analysis of the particles size distribution and of their morphology suggested that the released particles were not the target nanomaterial but engine generated nanoparticles. The mass of elemental carbon in the collected filters was below the quantification limit and the calculated graphene mass concentrations were quite below the selected reference exposure limit. Overall, this work showed that worker exposure to graphene was low in this pilot plant, contributing to guarantee a safe process, prior to its industrialization.Item Implementation of a safe-by-design approach in the development of new open pilot lines for the manufacture of carbon nanotube-based nano-enabled products(2017-06-01) López de Ipiña, J.M.; Hernan, Angel; Cenigaonaindia, Xabier; Insunza, Mario; Florez, Sonia; Seddon, Richard; Vavouliotis, Antonios; Kostopoulos, Vasilios; Latko, Paulina; Durałek, Paweł; Kchit, Nadir; Duralek, Paweł; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; SMART_MON; POLIMEROSThe project PLATFORM (H2020, GA 646307) aims to develop three new pilot lines (PPLs) for the manufacture of carbon nanotube-based nano-enabled products (buckypapers, treated prepregs, doped veils), for the European aeronautics and automotive industries (a Technology Readiness Level 6 - TRL6 -is expected at the end of the project). The Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC (MD) - transposed into the respective national legislations -is the European regulatory framework for the design and construction of new machinery, as the future PPLs. PPLs are not required to comply with the provisions of the MD until they are put into service - expected in 2020, after project completion - but then, the MD will be fully applicable. In this regulatory context, the project PLATFORM is aligning the design of the PPLs according to the MD requirements, in order to facilitate the CE marking in 2020 (TRL9) and avoid potential economic costs associated with future re-adaptations or modifications needed to ensure compliance with the MD. This paper discusses the methodological approach followed by the project PLATFORM to integrate all the nanosafety aspects in the design of the PPLs, in order to achieve safe designs in conformity with the relevant Essential Health and Safety Requirements (EHSRs) of the MD. Since machinery must be designed and constructed taking into account the results of the risk assessment (RA), this paper describes the systematic and iterative approach for RA and risk reduction followed to eliminate hazards as far practicable and to adequately reduce risks by the implementation of protective measures. This process has been guided by the harmonized standards EN ISO 12100 and EN ISO 14123, taking the relevant phases of life cycle, expected uses and operation modes of the PPLs into account. A specific tool to guide the safe design of the PPLs and facilitate the RA process has also been produced by the project (PLATFORM -SbD toolkit).Item The influence of mixing water on the thermophysical properties of nanofluids based on solar salt and silica nanoparticles(AMER INST PHYSICS, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA, 2016-05-31) Muñoz-Sánchez, Belen; Nieto-Maestre, Javier; Iparraguirre-Torres, Iñigo; Sanchez-Garcia, Jose Angel; Julia, Jose Enrique; García-Romero, Ana; Rajpaul, Vikesh; Richter, Christoph; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; VALORIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOSThe use of nanofluids (NFs) based on Solar Salt (SS) and nanoparticles (NPs), either as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) material or as Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF), is attracting great interest in recent years. Many authors [1,3] have reported important improvements on the thermophysical properties (specific heat capacity cp,thermal conductivity k) of NFs based on SS and ceramic NPs. These improvements would lead to important savings and better performance of TES facilities on new Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants due to lower quantities of material required and smaller storage tanks. To achieve these advantageous features in the final NFs, it is essential to avoid NP agglomeration during their preparation. Different synthesis procedures have been reported: mixing of solid NPs within a SS solution by means of ultrasounds [1-3], direct mixing of solid NPs and molten salt [4]. In this work, NFs based on SS and 1% by wt. of silica NPs were synthetized from a SS-water solution and a commercial water-silica NF called Ludox HS 30% (Sigma-Aldrich). The influence of the mixing water volume (MW) on the cp of NFs was evaluated. With this aim, the cp of these samples was measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) both in the solid and the liquid state. In addition, the distribution of sizes was measured during the whole preparation process by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Further information about sizes and uniformity of the final NFs was obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of the SS and final NF were performed.Item Insertion behavior study of multi-material self-piercing rivet joints by means of finite element simulation(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2019-07-02) Varela, Sonia; Mangas, Ángela; Kotercova, Zuzana; Briskham, Paul; Giménez, María; Muñoz, Carlos; Molina, Ricardo; Santos, Maite; Arrazola, Pedro; Saenz de Argandona, Eneko; Otegi, Nagore; Mendiguren, Joseba; Saez de Buruaga, Mikel; Madariaga, Aitor; Galdos, Lander; PROMETAL; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; SGOver the last few years, fuel economy improvement has driven the use of efficient multi-material structures in the car industry. The combination of dissimilar materials, such as metal-metal and metal-polymer, is a complex issue that requires the use of different and emerging joining techniques. In this context, self-pierce riveting (SPR) is an extremely suitable technique for joining two or more metal sheets, particularly when other techniques are not applicable. SPR requires short manufacturing times and provides both high strength and high fatigue resistance. Yet, this technique still faces some hurdles, such as joining Ultra High Strength Steels (UHSS) with high strength low ductility aluminum alloys, which can result in rivet cracking or aluminum button tearing. Suitable process parameters, including the rivet size and the die profile, are usually obtained through a physical testing procedure to satisfy the required joint specification. This is both expensive and time consuming. Finite element simulations of SPR are being increasingly used to reduce the number of physical tests and to estimate the tensile strength of the joint. The capability to accurately simulate aluminum to aluminum riveting has been demonstrated in recent studies. However, very few simulation studies have been conducted on the riveting of UHSS to aluminum, mainly because this type of joint is a relatively new customer demand driven by the rapid adoption of mixed material car body structures. New rivet designs have recently been developed for joining UHSS to aluminum, these rivets have increased column strength and increased stiffness to enable piercing through UHSS materials. In this study the insertion behavior of these higher strength rivets has been simulated and numerical analysis has been conducted to investigate the influence of the key process parameters on the joining result. The simulation results were compared to physical experimental results and good correlation was achieved.Item Material saving by a combination of rotary forging and conventional processes: Hybrid forging for net-shape gear: Hybrid forging for net-shape gear(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2019-07-02) Varela, Sonia; Valbuena, Oscar; Armentia, Jorge; Larrucea, Francisco; Manso, Virginia; Santos, Maite; Arrazola, Pedro; Saenz de Argandona, Eneko; Otegi, Nagore; Mendiguren, Joseba; Saez de Buruaga, Mikel; Madariaga, Aitor; Galdos, Lander; PROMETAL; INDUSTRY_THINGS; SGIncreasing efficiency in raw material and energy usage is vital, even more in sectors, such as the hot forging industry, where material accounts for 50% of component price and energy costs are continuously rising. One of the methods to achieve this is to minimize material waste. Traditionally, high-quality gears for the automotive sector are machined to shape from forged preforms which is wasteful of both materials and energy. Attention has now turned to the forging of tooth gears by conventional forging. However, this could require high forging loads and therefore huge press sizes. Some gears may also be difficult to form due to the placement of their teeth. Forging of tooth gears is thus not a straightforward task. In this context, rotary forging is a powerful alternative. It uses incremental deformation locally with the material to achieve near net shape results, minimizing machining. Due to the reduction in contact, it also allows the forging load to be decreased substantially, resulting in smaller presses. This paper shows the development of the rotary forging process in combination with conventional forging to obtain crown gear teeth as a demonstration case. First, the hot conventional forging is shown, based on obtaining the rotary preform by a closed die forging operation. Then rotary forging is defined as a semi-finished operation to achieve the forged teeth. The objective is to reduce the initial billet weight, checking that folds and filling defects do not appear. A thermomechanical chained model has been developed based on FEM and experimental tests carried out in a pre-industrial environment. The prototypes result in increased yield from raw material (around 15% saving compared to machining) and they can be manufactured with less than 50% of the load required by conventional forging processes. Quality and metallographic requirements are also fulfilled.Item Nanofiber-based filters as novel barrier systems for nanomaterial exposure scenarios(2011) Faccini, M.; Amantia, D.; Vázquez-Campos, S.; Vaquero-Moralejo, Celina; López de Ipiña, J.M.; Aubouy, L.; De Ipĩa, J. M.López; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; PRINTEX; SMART_MONIn this article our latest advances in the development of efficient barrier systems against micro- and nano-particulate materials are presented. Nanofibrous polyamide 6 (PA6) mats were fabricated by electrospinning onto a nonwoven viscose substrate. The influence of electrospinning parameters including solution concentration, viscosity, and conductivity, were studied for the production of nonwovens with different fiber size distribution ranging from 74 to 261 nm in diameters. Moreover, the formation of nanowebs (30-40 nm) which are widely distributed among fibers was observed. By varying several process parameters, membranes with different thickness of the nanofiber layer and therefore air permeability and nanoparticle filtration efficiency were obtained.Item nanoSTAIR: a new strategic proposal to impulse standardization in nanotechnology research: A new strategic proposal to impulse standardization in nanotechnology research(2015-05-26) López de Ipiña, J.M.; Salvi, O.; Hazebrouck, B.; Jovanovic, A.; Carre, F.; Saamanen, A.; Brouwer, D.; Schmitt, M.; Martin, S.; SMART_MONNanotechnology is considered one of the key technologies of the 21st century within Europe and a Key-Enabling Technology (KET) by Horizon 2020. Standardization has been identified in H2020 as one of the innovation-support measures by bridging the gap between research and the market, and helping the fast and easy transfer of research results to the European and international market. The development of new and improved standards requires high quality technical information, creating a fundamental interdependency between the standardization and research communities. In the frame of project nanoSTAIR (GA 319092), the present paper describes the European scenario on research and standardization in nanotechnology and presents a proposal of a European strategy (nanoSTAIR) to impulse direct "pipelines" between research and standardization. In addition, strategic actions focused on integration of standardization in the R&D projects, from the early stages of the design of a future business (Project Proposal), are also described.Item NAUTILUS-DTU10 MW Floating Offshore Wind Turbine at Gulf of Maine: Public numerical models of an actively ballasted semisubmersible: Public numerical models of an actively ballasted semisubmersible(2018-10-10) Galván, J; Sánchez-Lara, M J; Mendikoa, I; Pérez-Morán, G; Nava, V; Rodríguez-Arias, R; RENOVABLES OFFSHORE; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThis study presents two numerical multiphysics models of the NAUTILUS-10 floating support structure mounting the DTU10 MW Reference Wind Turbine at Gulf of Maine site, and analyses its dynamics. With the site conditions and the FAST model of the onshore turbine as the starting point, the floating support structure: tower, floating substructure with its corresponding active ballast system and station keeping system, was designed by NAUTILUS. The numerical models were developed and the onshore DTU wind energy controller was tuned to avoid the resonance of the operating FOWT by TECNALIA, in the framework of H2020 LIFES50+ project. This concept and its subsystems are fully characterised throughout this paper and implemented in opensource code, FAST v8.16. Here, the mooring dynamics are solved using MoorDyn, and the hydrodynamic properties are computed using HydroDyn. Viscous effects, not captured by radiation-diffraction theory, are modelled using two different approaches: (1) through linear and quadratic additional hydrodynamic damping matrices and (2) by means of Morison elements. A set of simulations (such as, decay, wind only and broadband irregular waves tests) were carried out with system identification purposes and to analyse the differences between the two models presented. Then, a set of simulations in stochastic wind and waves were carried out to characterise the global response of the FOWT.Item Neurogenetic profiles delineate large-scale connectivity dynamics of the human brain(2018-12-01) Diez, Ibai; Sepulcre, Jorge; Tecnalia Research & InnovationExperimental and modeling work of neural activity has described recurrent and attractor dynamic patterns in cerebral microcircuits. However, it is still poorly understood whether similar dynamic principles exist or can be generalizable to the large-scale level. Here, we applied dynamic graph theory-based analyses to evaluate the dynamic streams of whole-brain functional connectivity over time across cognitive states. Dynamic connectivity in local networks is located in attentional areas during tasks and primary sensory areas during rest states, and dynamic connectivity in distributed networks converges in the default mode network (DMN) in both task and rest states. Importantly, we find that distinctive dynamic connectivity patterns are spatially associated with Allen Human Brain Atlas genetic transcription levels of synaptic long-term potentiation and long-term depression-related genes. Our findings support the neurobiological basis of large-scale attractor-like dynamics in the heteromodal cortex within the DMN, irrespective of cognitive state.Item Novel Metallic Alloys as Phase Change Materials for Heat Storage in Direct Steam Generation Applications(AMER INST PHYSICS, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA, 2016-05-31) Nieto-Maestre, Javier; Iparraguirre-Torres, Iñigo; Amondarain-Velasco, Z.; Kaltzakorta, Idurre; Merchán-Zubieta, Mikel; Rajpaul, Vikesh; Richter, Christoph; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; VALORIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOS; CIRMETALConcentrating Solar Power (CSP) is one of the key electricity production renewable energy technologies with a clear distinguishing advantage: the possibility to store the heat generated during the sunny periods, turning it into a dispatchable technology. Current CSP Plants use an intermediate Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF), thermal oil or inorganic salt, to transfer heat from the Solar Field (SF) either to the heat exchanger (HX) unit to produce high pressure steam that can be leaded to a turbine for electricity production, or to the Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system. In recent years, a novel CSP technology is attracting great interest: Direct Steam Generation (DSG). The direct use of water/steam as HTF would lead to lower investment costs for CSP Plants by the suppression of the HX unit. Moreover, water is more environmentally friendly than thermal oils or salts, not flammable and compatible with container materials (pipes, tanks). However, this technology also has some important challenges, being one of the major the need for optimized TES systems. In DSG, from the exergy point of view, optimized TES systems based on two sensible heat TES systems (for preheating of water and superheating vapour) and a latent heat TES system for the evaporation of water (around the 70% of energy) is the preferred solution. This concept has been extensively tested [1, 2, 3] using mainly NaNO3 as latent heat storage medium. Its interesting melting temperature (Tm) of 306°C, considering a driving temperature difference of 10°C, means TES charging steam conditions of 107 bar at 316°C and discharging conditions of 81bar at 296°C. The average value for the heat of fusion (ΔHf) of NaNO3 from literature data is 178 J/g [4]. The main disadvantage of inorganic salts is their very low thermal conductivity (0.5 W/m.K) requiring sophisticated heat exchanging designs. The use of high thermal conductivity eutectic metal alloys has been recently proposed [5, 6, 7] as a feasible alternative. Tms of these proposed eutectic alloys are too high for currently available DSG solar fields, for instance the Mg49-Zn51 alloy melts at 342°C requiring saturated steam pressures above 160 bar to charge the TES unit. Being aware of this, novel eutectic metallic alloys have been designed reducing the Tms to the range between 285°C and 330°C (79bar and 145bar of charging steam pressure respectively) with ΔHfs between 150 and 170 J/g, and thus achieving metallic Phase Change Materials (PCM) suitable for the available DSG technologies.