TECNALIA Publications Repository :: Browsing by Keyword "Energy (miscellaneous)"

Browsing by Keyword "Energy (miscellaneous)"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 55

Applying International Power Quality Standards for Current Harmonic Distortion to Wave Energy Converters and Verified Device Emulators
(2019-09-24) Kelly, James; Aldaiturriaga, Endika; Ruiz-Minguela, Pablo; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
The push for carbon-free energy sources has helped encourage the development of the ocean renewable energy sector. As ocean renewable energy approaches commercial maturity, the industry must be able to prove it can provide clean electrical power of good quality for consumers. As part of the EU funded Open Sea Operating Experience to Reduce Wave Energy Cost (OPERA) project that is tasked with developing the wave energy sector, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) developed electrical power quality standards for marine energy converters, which were applied to an oscillating water column (OWC). This was done both in the laboratory and in the real world. Precise electrical monitoring equipment was installed in the Mutriku Wave Power Plant in Spain and to an OWC emulator in the Lir National Ocean Test Facility at University College Cork in Ireland to monitor the electrical power of both. The electrical power generated was analysed for harmonic current distortion and the results were compared. The observations from sea trials and laboratory trials demonstrate that laboratory emulators can be used in early stage development to identify the harmonic characteristics of a wave energy converter.
Assessment on the Efficiency of an Active Solar Thermal Facade: Study of the Effect of Dynamic Parameters and Experimental Analysis When Coupled/Uncoupled to a Heat Pump: Study of the effect of dynamic parameters and experimental analysis when coupled/uncoupled to a heat pump
(2020) Elguezabal, Peru; Lopez, Alex; Blanco, Jesus Maria; Chica, Jose Antonio; ECOEFICIENCIA DE PRODUCTOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN; SG
The building sector presents poor performance in terms of energy efficiency and is looking for effective alternatives aimed at reducing the use of fossil fuels. The facade is a key element able to harness renewable energy as an Active Solar Thermal Facade (ASTF). The main purpose of this study is the assessment of a novel design concept based on a steel sandwich panel technology. The performance of the active system will be first addressed by a parametric study in order to analyze its behavior and secondly, by describing a real case based on an experimental test by connecting the active panels to a heat pump. The study shows the impact of solar irradiation and mass flow on the thermal jump achieved, while ambient and fluid inlet temperatures are the most influencing parameters in the efficiency of the facade. When coupled to the heat pump, results from a measurement campaign demonstrate a remarkable improvement in the performance of the ASTF. The results presented provide significant proof about the benefits of a synergetic combination of both technologies—solar facades and heat pumps—as efficient alternatives for the building sector, aiming to improve energy efficiency as well as reduce their dependence on non-renewable sources.
Automated Driving Vehicle Functionality as Guardian Angel
(Springer, 2024) Sarabia, Joseba; Diaz, Sergio; Marcano, Mauricio; Mirnig, Alexander; Venkitachalam, Bharat Krishna; CCAM
The concept of the Guardian Angel system represents a pivotal advancement in vehicular safety, with a focus on enhancing the driving experience for individuals with diminished driving skills, particularly elderly drivers seeking to retain their mobility. This system functions as an unobtrusive co-pilot, intervening only when necessary, and empowering drivers to maintain control while ensuring their safety. By actively monitoring both the external environment and the interior of the vehicle, the Guardian Angel system adeptly identifies potential hazards and triggers interventions in response to imminent collisions, road departures, or internal factors such as driver distraction or drowsiness. Through a comprehensive array of Human–Machine Interfaces (HMIs), the Guardian Angel system communicates critical information to the driver, enhancing situational awareness and facilitating seamless cooperation between humans and machine. The holistic design ensures that the system operates unobtrusively in the background, engaging only in safety–critical situations and providing clear explanations for its interventions. This paper presents a detailed exposition of the Guardian Angel system's architecture, its controller design, and the diverse range of HMIs employed to relay information to the driver. The focus here lies in articulating the system's conceptual foundation, design principles, and the potential it holds for transforming the driving experience into a safer and more empowering endeavor for drivers of varying skills.
Carbon-Free Electricity Generation in Spain with PV–Storage Hybrid Systems
(2022-06-29) Fraile Ardanuy, Jesús; Alvaro-Hermana, Roberto; Castano-Solis, Sandra; Merino, Julia; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
Climate change motivated by human activities constitutes one of the main challenges of this century. To cut carbon emissions in order to mitigate carbon’s dangerous effects, the current energy generation mix should be shifted to renewable sources. The main drawback of these technologies is their intermittency, which will require energy storage systems to be fully integrated into the generation mix, allowing them to be more controllable. In recent years, great progress to develop an effective and economically feasible energy storage systems, particularly motivated by the recent rise of demand for electric transportation, has been made. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery prices have fallen near 90% over the past decade, making possible the affordability of electric vehicles and transforming the economics of renewable energy. In this work, a study on storage capacity demand previously presented as conference paper is expanded, including a deep analysis of the Spanish generation mix, the evaluation of the energy storage requirements for different low-carbon and carbon-free scenarios in Mainland Spain, and the calculation of the CO2 emissions’ reduction and the associated storage costs.
A Characterization of European Collective Action Initiatives and Their Role as Enablers of Citizens’ Participation in the Energy Transition
(2021-12-14) Lupi, Veronica; Candelise, Chiara; Calull, Merce Almuni; Delvaux, Sarah; Valkering, Pieter; Hubert, Wit; Sciullo, Alessandro; Ivask, Nele; van der Waal, Esther; Iturriza, Izaskun Jimenez; Paci, Daniele; Della Valle, Nives; Koukoufikis, Giorgos; Dunlop, Tessa; Policies for Innovation and Technology
This paper provides novel additional evidence on the characteristics of Collective Action Initiatives (CAIs), investigating their role within the European energy sector. It analyses and presents results of a survey administered in six European countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Poland, Estonia, and Spain. CAIs are studied in light of four key dimensions, those being their creation dynamics, the way they are organized, financed, and the activities they undertake. The results presented are also interpreted to reflect on their role as drivers of social innovation (SI) within energy transition in Europe. The analysis shows that the contribution of CAIs to the energy transition has a much wider scope than the development of energy projects and provision of energy services. CAIs are intrinsically socially innovative models of implementation as characterised by a strong level of citizen involvement and participation. Moreover, they have a potential multi-level role in the energy transition, from the technological and social perspectives. Indeed, alongside traditional energy activities, our results show that CAIs are evolving and expanding towards socially innovative activities, raising awareness on environmental issues, promoting citizens’ mobilization, and fostering social inclusion.
Collective Action and Social Innovation in the Energy Sector: A Mobilization Model Perspective: A mobilization model perspective
(2020) Gregg, Jay Sterling; Nyborg, Sophie; Hansen, Meiken; Schwanitz, Valeria Jana; Wierling, August; Zeiss, Jan Pedro; Delvaux, Sarah; Saenz, Victor; Polo-Alvarez, Lucia; Candelise, Chiara; Gilcrease, Winston; Arrobbio, Osman; Sciullo, Alessandro; Padovan, Dario; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; Policies for Innovation and Technology
This conceptual paper applies a mobilization model to Collective Action Initiatives (CAIs) in the energy sector. The goal is to synthesize aspects of sustainable transition theories with social movement theory to gain insights into how CAIs mobilize to bring about niche-regime change in the context of the sustainable energy transition. First, we demonstrate how energy communities, as a representation of CAIs, relate to social innovation. We then discuss how CAIs in the energy sector are understood within both sustainability transition theory and institutional dynamics theory. While these theories are adept at describing the role energy CAIs have in the energy transition, they do not yet offer much insight concerning the underlying social dimensions for the formation and upscaling of energy CAIs. Therefore, we adapt and apply a mobilization model to gain insight into the dimensions of mobilization and upscaling of CAIs in the energy sector. By doing so we show that the expanding role of CAIs in the energy sector is a function of their power acquisition through mobilization processes. We conclude with a look at future opportunities and challenges of CAIs in the energy transition.
Comparison between Energy Simulation and Monitoring Data in an Office Building
(2021-12-30) Martin-Escudero, Koldobika; Atxalandabaso, Garazi; Erkoreka, Aitor; Uriarte, Amaia; Porta, Matteo; EDIFICACIÓN DE ENERGÍA POSITIVA; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
One of the most important steps in the retrofitting process of a building is to understand its pre-retrofitting stage energy performance. The best choice for carrying this out is by means of a calibrated building energy simulation (BES) model. Then, the testing of different retrofitting solutions in the validated model allows for quantifying the improvements that may be obtained, in order to choose the most suitable solution. In this work, based on the available detailed building drawings, constructive details, building operational data and the data sets obtained on a minute basis (for a whole year) from a dedicated energy monitoring system, the calibration of an in-use office building energy model has been carried out. It has been possible to construct a detailed white box model based on Design Builder software. Then, comparing the model output for indoor air temperature, lighting consumption and heating consumption against the monitored data, some of the building envelope parameters and inner building inertia of the model were fine tuned to obtain fits fulfilling the ASHRAE criteria. Problems found during this fitting process and how they are solved are explained in detail. The model calibration is firstly performed on an hourly basis for a typical winter and summer week; then, the whole year results of the simulation are compared against the monitored data. The results show a good agreement for indoor temperature, lighting and heating consumption compared with the ASHRAE criteria for the mean bias error (MBE).
A Comprehensive Review of the Design and Operation Optimization of Energy Hubs and Their Interaction with the Markets and External Networks
(2023-05) Papadimitriou, Christina; Di Somma, Marialaura; Charalambous, Chrysanthos; Caliano, Martina; Palladino, Valeria; Cortés Borray, Andrés Felipe; González-Garrido, Amaia; Ruiz, Nerea; Graditi, Giorgio; POWER SYSTEMS
The European Union’s vision for energy transition not only foresees decarbonization of the electricity sector, but also requires commitment across different sectors such as gas, heating, and cooling through an integrated approach. It also sets local energy communities at the center of the energy transition as a bottom-up approach to achieve these ambitious decarbonization goals. The energy hub is seen as a promising conceptual model to foster the optimization of multi-carrier energy systems and cross-sectoral interaction. Especially in the context of local energy communities, the energy hub concept can enable the optimal design, management, and control of future integrated and digitalized networks where multiple energy carriers operate seamlessly and in complementarity with each other. In that sense, the optimal design and operation of energy hubs are of critical importance, especially under the effect of multiple objectives taking on board not only technical, but also other aspects that would enable the sustainability of local energy communities, such as economic and environmental. This paper aims to provide an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the existing state-of-the-art approaches that are related to the design and operation optimization of energy hubs by also exploring their interaction with the external network and multiple markets. As the planning and operation of an energy hub is a multifaceted research topic, this paper covers issues such as the different optimization methods, optimization problems formulation including objective functions and constraints, and the hubs’ optimal market participation, including flexibility mechanisms. By systematizing the existing literature, this paper highlights any limitations of the approaches so far and identifies the need for further research and enhancement of the existing approaches.
Control Room Requirements for Voltage Control in Future Power Systems
(2018) Coelho, António; Soares, Filipe; Merino, Julia; Riaño, Sandra; Peças Lopes, João; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS
In future power grids, a large integration of renewable energy sources is foreseen, which will impose serious technical challenges to system operators. To mitigate some of the problems that renewable energy sources may bring, new voltage and frequency control strategies must be developed. Given the expected evolution of technologies and information systems, these new strategies will benefit from increasing system observability and resources controllability, enabling a more efficient grid operation. The ELECTRA IRP project addressed the new challenges that future power systems will face and developed new grid management and control functionalities to overcome the identified problems. This work, implemented in the framework of ELECTRA, presents an innovative functionality for the control room of the cell operator and its application in assistance with the voltage control designed for the Web-of-Cells. The voltage control method developed uses a proactive mode to calculate the set-points to be sent to the flexible resources, each minute, for a following 15-min period. This way, the voltage control method developed is able to mitigate voltage problems that may occur, while, at the same time, contributes to reduce the energy losses. To enable a straightforward utilization of this functionality, a user interface was created for system operators so they can observe the network state and control resources in a forthright manner accordingly.
A Critical Review of Robustness in Power Grids using Complex Networks Concepts
(2015) Cuadra, Lucas; Salcedo-Sanz, Sancho; Del Ser, Javier; Jimenez-Fernandez, Silvia; Geem, Zong-Woo; IA
This paper reviews the most relevant works that have investigated robustness in power grids using Complex Networks (CN) concepts. In this broad field there are two different approaches. The first one is based solely on topological concepts, and uses metrics such as mean path length, clustering coefficient, efficiency and betweenness centrality, among many others. The second, hybrid approach consists of introducing (into the CN framework) some concepts from Electrical Engineering (EE) in the effort of enhancing the topological approach, and uses novel, more efficient electrical metrics such as electrical betweenness, net-ability, and others. There is however a controversy about whether these approaches are able to provide insights into all aspects of real power grids. The CN community argues that the topological approach does not aim to focus on the detailed operation, but to discover the unexpected emergence of collective behavior, while part of the EE community asserts that this leads to an excessive simplification. Beyond this open debate it seems to be no predominant structure (scale-free, small-world) in high-voltage transmission power grids, the vast majority of power grids studied so far. Most of them have in common that they are vulnerable to targeted attacks on the most connected nodes and robust to random failure. In this respect there are only a few works that propose strategies to improve robustness such as intentional islanding, restricted link addition, microgrids and smart grids, for which novel studies suggest that small-world networks seem to be the best topology.
Design, Construction and Testing of a Hydraulic Power Take-Off for Wave Energy Converters
(2012-06-01) Lasa, Joseba; Antolín-Urbaneja, Juan Carlos; Angulo, Carlos; Estensoro, Patxi; Santos, Maider; Ricci, Pierpaolo; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; INNOV_AIR_MOBIL; ROBOTICA_AUTOMA; GENERAL; POWER SYSTEMS
This paper presents the construction, mathematical modeling and testing of a scaled universal hydraulic Power Take-Off (PTO) device for Wave Energy Converters (WECs). A specific prototype and test bench were designed and built to carry out the tests. The results obtained from these tests were used to adjust an in-house mathematical model. The PTO was initially designed to be coupled to a scaled wave energy capture device with a low speed and high torque oscillating motion and high power fluctuations. Any Energy Capture Device (ECD) that fulfils these requirements can be coupled to this PTO, provided that its scale is adequately defined depending on the rated power of the full scale prototype. The initial calibration included estimation of the pressure drops in the different components, the pressurization time of the oil inside the hydraulic cylinders and the volumetric efficiency of the complete circuit. Since the overall efficiency measured during the tests ranged from 0.69 to 0.8 and the dynamic performance of the PTO was satisfactory, the results are really promising and it is believed that this solution might prove effective in real devices.
Development of real-time indicators to assess and improve the energy efficiency of machine tools
(Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023) Lambán, María Pilar; Morella, Paula A.; Sánchez, Juan Carlos; Les, Adrián D.; Royo, Jesús E.; Quero, Fernando E.; Morales-Palma, Domingo; Martínez-Donaire, Andrés J.; Borrego, Marcos; Centeno, Gabriel; Vallellano, Carpóforo; INDUSTRY_THINGS; SG; Mercado
Nowadays, the energy consumption of machines is becoming increasingly important in production areas. This is mainly due to rising energy costs, but sustainability and energy savings also play an important role. While important, the development of energy consumption indicators has not been considered in previous research. This article aims to carry out a study on defining an indicator to improve the energy efficiency of machine tools through the acquisition of energy data in real time. The proposed methodology is based on Patterson's definition of energy efficiency to analyse the energy consumption of the tools and evaluate its possible improvement through the development of productive, economic and environmental indicators. As a result of this study, the methodology developed is implemented in a machine tool for which the visualisation of these indicators is obtained in real time so that they can be used to help in decision-making to improve the energy efficiency of the machine tool. In short, this research seeks to provide a solution to one of the great challenges facing industry today due to the increase in energy costs, which is directly reflected in the cost of manufacturing.
District Power-To-Heat/Cool Complemented by Sewage Heat Recovery
(2019-01-24) Aprile, Marcello; Scoccia, Rossano; Dénarié, Alice; Kiss, Pál; Dombrovszky, Marcell; Gwerder, Damian; Schuetz, Philipp; Elguezabal, Peru; Arregi, Beñat; ECOEFICIENCIA DE PRODUCTOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN; EDIFICACIÓN DE ENERGÍA POSITIVA
District heating and cooling (DHC), when combined with waste or renewable energy sources, is an environmentally sound alternative to individual heating and cooling systems in buildings. In this work, the theoretical energy and economic performances of a DHC network complemented by compression heat pump and sewage heat exchanger are assessed through dynamic, year-round energy simulations. The proposed system comprises also a water storage and a PV plant. The study stems from the operational experience on a DHC network in Budapest, in which a new sewage heat recovery system is in place and provided the experimental base for assessing main operational parameters of the sewage heat exchanger, like effectiveness, parasitic energy consumption and impact of cleaning. The energy and economic potential is explored for a commercial district in Italy. It is found that the overall seasonal COP and EER are 3.10 and 3.64, while the seasonal COP and EER of the heat pump alone achieve 3.74 and 4.03, respectively. The economic feasibility is investigated by means of the levelized cost of heating and cooling (LCOHC). With an overall LCOHC between 79.1 and 89.9 €/MWh, the proposed system can be an attractive solution with respect to individual heat pumps.
Eco-Routing Android Application to Promote the Usage of Light Electric Vehicles in Urban Environments Within the Framework of the STEVE European Project
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Arteta, Beñat; Parra, Alberto; Prieto, Pablo; Larburu, Maider; Heriz, Borja; Coupeau, Alvaro; POWERTRAIN; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
Nowadays, the high level of atmosphere pollution strongly influenced by industry and transportation is one of the most relevant social problems. In order to reduce the amount of pollutant discharged into the atmosphere, some technological breakthroughs have been developed in vehicle electrification area. The main objective of the European project STEVE is to introduce Electrified L-category Vehicles in urban transport systems. However, the main drawback is their limited driving range thus, optimal energy management systems are crucial here. In this paper the newly developed Eco-navigation Android application, which generates the most optimal route based on speed and elevation profiles for use in e-bikes, will be presented. The Eco-routing app is going to be implemented in Calvià (Mallorca, Spain) during 2020.
Economic Evaluation of PV Installations for Self-Consumption in Industrial Parks
(2021-01-30) Pedrero, Juan; Hernández, Patxi; Martínez, Álvaro; PLANIFICACIÓN ENERGÉTICA
This paper presents an analysis of the economic performance of photovoltaic (PV) selfconsumption systems at an industrial park in the Basque Country (north of Spain). The economic feasibility of the installations is largely dependent on self-consumption and compensation due to electricity injected into the grid, as well as the assumed evolution of the electricity prices. A sensitivity analysis is carried out for different installation sizes and different evolution scenarios concerning electricity prices. The potential for installations for shared self-consumption with dynamic and static distribution coefficients is also analyzed. The results show that medium sized installations are generally a cost effective way to reduce energy bills, while the economic performance of larger installations is more uncertain, and is largely dependent on the selling price for electricity injected into the grid. This case study found that the economic benefits of shared self-consumption between different companies are substantial, and are slightly more favorable when applying dynamic distribution factors.
End-to-end bioinspired lightweight structure manufacturing-oriented design, validation, and manufacturing with advanced methods
(Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023) Blanc, Ignacio Laraudogoitia; De Cortazar, Maider Garcia; Mata, Franck Girot; Morales-Palma, Domingo; Martínez-Donaire, Andrés J.; Borrego, Marcos; Centeno, Gabriel; Vallellano, Carpóforo; CIRMETAL
It is known that natural designs are more efficient and functionality-aimed than human designs. Historically, human beings have tried to mimic the way nature designs or the natural designs themselves. However, it turned out that it was usually too complex for the technology of the time. Today there exists the opportunity to mimic most natural designs due to advances in computational power and improvements in manufacturing methods. This can lead to a major weight reduction in the metallic components used, which is a key aspect in many engineering areas such as aerospace, automotive or energetic industries. This study shows how these bioinspired designs can improve designer experience-based designs in several ways i.e.: Mechanical behavior, part number reduction, weight reduction, etc. The components analyzed here will be metallic based on aluminum. It will be also shown the significance of the manufacturing-oriented design so the iteration times are reduced between the CAD and the CAM or the reduction of prototype manufacturing itself. Of course, these designs need to be validated mechanically via CAE and the CAM will also be used to avoid uncertainty during advanced manufacturing processes. Finally, the results of the real manufacturing process are going to be shown so the end-to-end cycle is complete.
Energy and Cost Analysis of an Integrated Photovoltaic and Heat Pump Domestic System Considering Heating and Cooling Demands
(2023-07) Arenas-Larrañaga, Mikel; Santos-Mugica, Maider; Alonso-Ojanguren, Laura; Martin-Escudero, Koldobika; POWER SYSTEMS; SISTEMAS TÉRMICOS EFICIENTES
The integration of photovoltaic panels and heat pumps in domestic environments is a topic that has been studied extensively. Due to their electrical nature and the presence of elements that add thermal inertia to the system (water tanks and the building itself), the functioning of compression heat pumps can be manipulated to try to fulfill a certain objective. In this paper, following a rule-based control concept that has been identified in commercial solutions and whose objective is to improve the self-consumption of the system by actively modulating the heat pump compressor, a parametric analysis is presented. By making use of a lab-tested model, the performance of the implemented control algorithm is analyzed. The main objective of this analysis is to identify and quantify the effects of the main parameters in the performance of the system, namely the climate (conditioning both heating and cooling demands), the photovoltaic installation size, the thermal insulation of the building and the control activation criteria. A total of 168 yearly simulations have been carried out. The results show that the average improvement in self-consumption is around 13%, while the cost is reduced by 2.5%. On the other hand, the heat from the heat pump and the power consumed increase by 3.7% and 5.2%, respectively. Finally, a linear equation to estimate the performance of the controller is proposed.
Energy, Environmental and Economic Analysis of Air-to-Air Heat Pumps as an Alternative to Heating Electrification in Europe
(2020-08-01) Eguiarte, Olaia; Garrido-Marijuán, Antonio; de Agustín-Camacho, Pablo; del Portillo, Luis; Romero-Amorrortu, Ander; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; EDIFICACIÓN DE ENERGÍA POSITIVA; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANA
Heat pumps (HP) are an efficient alternative to non-electric heating systems (NEHS), being a cost-effective mean to support European building sector decarbonization. The paper studies HP and NEHS performance in residential buildings, under different climate conditions and energy tariffs, in six different European countries. Furthermore, a primary energy and environmental analysis is performed to evaluate if the use of HPs is more convenient than NEHS, based on different factors of the electric mix in each country. A specific HP model is developed considering the main physical phenomena occurring along its cycle. Open data from building, climatic and economic sources are used to feed the analysis. Ad hoc primary energy factors and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission coefficients are calculated for the selected countries. The costs and the environmental impact for both heating systems are then compared. The outcomes of the study suggest that, in highly fossil fuels dependent electricity mixes, the use of NEHS represents a more efficient decarbonization approach than HP, in spite of its higher efficiency. Additionally, the actual high price of the electric kWh hampers the use of HP in certain cases.
ERIGrid Holistic Test Description for Validating Cyber-Physical Energy Systems
(2019-07-16) Heussen, Kai; Steinbrink, Cornelius; Abdulhadi, Ibrahim F.; Nguyen, Van Hoa; Degefa, Merkebu Z.; Merino, Julia; Jensen, Tue V.; Guo, Hao; Gehrke, Oliver; Bondy, Daniel Esteban Morales; Babazadeh, Davood; Pröstl Andrén, Filip; Strasser, Thomas I.; Van Hoa, Nguyen; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
Smart energy solutions aim to modify and optimise the operation of existing energy infrastructure. Such cyber-physical technology must be mature before deployment to the actual infrastructure, and competitive solutions will have to be compliant to standards still under development. Achieving this technology readiness and harmonisation requires reproducible experiments and appropriately realistic testing environments. Such testbeds for multi-domain cyber-physical experiments are complex in and of themselves. This work addresses a method for the scoping and design of experiments where both testbed and solution each require detailed expertise. This empirical work first revisited present test description approaches, developed a newdescription method for cyber-physical energy systems testing, and matured it by means of user involvement. The new Holistic Test Description (HTD) method facilitates the conception, deconstruction and reproduction of complex experimental designs in the domains of cyber-physical energy systems. This work develops the background and motivation, offers a guideline and examples to the proposed approach, and summarises experience from three years of its application.
Exploring Institutional and Socio-Economic Settings for the Development of Energy Communities in Europe
(2022-02-21) Sciullo, Alessandro; Gilcrease, Gregory Winston; Perugini, Mario; Padovan, Dario; Curli, Barbara; Gregg, Jay Sterling; Arrobbio, Osman; Meynaerts, Erika; Delvaux, Sarah; Polo-Alvarez, Lucia; Candelise, Chiara; van der Waal, Esther; van der Windt, Henny; Hubert, Wit; Ivask, Nele; Muiste, Marek; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; Policies for Innovation and Technology
Energy communities (ECs), intended as collective action initiatives in the energy field involving citizens’ participation, have been gaining relevance for the past decades as an alternative way to organize the energy chain to challenge the incumbent system. With Europe’s recently adopted Clean Energy Package, ECs found a formal recognition by the European Union as potential actors of the transition of the energy system towards a wider and more decentralized use of renewable sources. Although the potential role of ECs in the transition is therefore hardly questionable, a thorough comprehension of the enabling factors that might foster their diffusion and scaling up is still lacking. Through a comparative analysis of the evolutionary trajectories in six EU countries regarding their energy systems, their regulatory frameworks and their historical evolution of ECs, namely through the example of cooperative models, this paper aims at providing some preliminary evidence about the factors and dynamics that seem to have played, and may play, a role in hampering or facilitating EC model diffusion. Attention is therefore specifically paid to three dimensions of analysis referring to: the energy mix and market structure; the institutional and policy landscape; the wider social attitudes towards environmental issues and cooperation among citizens. In addition to providing a wide comparison of different EU countries, the paper shows that the historical evolution pathways have to be carefully taken into account to understand what might trigger ECs exploitation in the EU.

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