Browsing by Keyword "Economics, Econometrics and Finance (all)"
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Item Central lessons from the historical analysis of 24 reinforced-concrete structures in northern Spain(2016-07-01) Marcos, Ignacio; San-José, José Tomás; Garmendia, Leire; Santamaría, Amaia; Manso, Juan Manuel; Tecnalia Research & InnovationSince the late-nineteenth century, the use of reinforced-concrete as a structural material has proliferated and is now commonplace in the modern built environment. Some of the structures from that century are even considered cultural heritage. In the early stages of its technical development, concrete was seen as practically immutable over time; however, prolonged exposure to environmental agents has revealed its very significant problems of weakening strength and durability. A total of 24 aging reinforced-concrete structures in the Basque Country (northern Spain) and their behavior over time are analyzed in this paper. Reference is made to pathological reports, categorized for the purposes of this study, which characterize their concrete and steel components. This contribution greatly enhances our knowledge of each structure for future studies and for the improvement of their conservation strategies.Item ICT Requirements in a Smart Grid Environment(Springer, Cham, 2019-10-25) Horsmanheimo, Seppo; Tuomimäki, Lotta; Rodríguez-Sánchez, Raúl; Andrén, Filip Pröstl; Andersen, Claus Amtrup; Tecnalia Research & InnovationEnergy systems are moving towards more flexible and distributed structures as the share of distributed energy resources gets bigger. New resources connected to the distribution grid offer ancillary services for congestion management and balancing including, e.g. frequency control, aFRR/mFRR, and voltage control. The new TSO-DSO coordination schemes presented in Chap. 2 are studied in this chapter from ICT’s perspective. This chapter introduces a conceptual reference model to help assess where new communication technologies are needed. The second section introduces potential technologies that could be applied. Our focus is more on wireless technologies to ensure flexibility, cost-efficiency, and scalability in large geographically distributed systems. We also present different types of service architectures to manage, secure and orchestrate the increasing number of services created by the new market models. The provision of ancillary services from distribution networks involves the coordination and close interaction between different actors and systems. In the last section, we present a process of capturing ICT requirements for energy systems. The process utilises the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) that presents a structured approach for modelling the Smart Grid architecture.Item Scenario Analysis(Springer, Cham, 2019-10-25) Rossi, Marco; Merino, Julia; Madina, Carlos; Turienzo, Elena; Svendsen, Harald; Kuusela, Pirkko; Koponen, Pekka; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS; ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICOThe performance of TSO-DSO coordination schemes depends on the characteristics of the electricity systems in which regulation reserves can be provided by both transmission and distribution resources. In order to investigate the main aspects influencing TSO-DSO interactions, three detailed electricity scenarios (related to the expected 2030 evolution of Denmark, Italy and Spain) are defined. In particular, these scenarios are designed by assuming various distribution network conditions, determining different volumes of flexibility requested by the DSO in order to carry out local services. Then, the structure of a simulation platform, aimed at testing TSO-DSO coordination schemes, is proposed. It is based on three main blocks, integrating actual market clearing, bidding and dispatching algorithms, together with a simulator for the network and all the physical power resources. Finally, the simulation results are processed by means of a cost-benefit analysis which identified the market architectures providing the highest economic benefits to the system and the main factors that influence the profitability of one TSO-DSO coordination scheme among the others.Item Technologies and Protocols: The Experience of the Three SmartNet Pilots: The experience of the three smartnet pilots(Springer, 2019-10-25) Madina, Carlos; Jimeno, Joseba; Ortolano, Luca; Palleschi, Margherita; Ebrahimy, Razgar; Madsen, Henrik; Pardo, Miguel; Corchero, Cristina; POWER SYSTEMSThe deployment of technological pilots is of paramount importance for testing and demonstrating the technical feasibility of the concepts described in this book for two main reasons. On the one hand, there are few real-life experiences in the application of these concepts, as TSO-DSO coordination is a relatively new topic. On the other hand, there may be some implementation difficulties which cannot be anticipated by the scenario analysis and CBA. Whenever possible, more than one pilot should be deployed, so that each of them can focus on different parts of the TSO-DSO coordination value chain. In that sense, it is important to demonstrate different potential TSO-DSO coordination schemes, so that issues arising from each of them can be identified. Moreover, it is also important to demonstrate different types of DER, so that their flexibilities can be better assessed and the advantages and disadvantages for real-life implementation can be properly identified and addressed. As a third complementarity aspect, having different technological pilots allows for focusing on different parts of the value chain, so that one of them may take the vision of the TSO or DSO, while another one can focus on the needs of the aggregator or DER owners.