Browsing by Keyword "Critical raw materials"
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Item Educating T-Shaped professionals to meet substitution challenges and developing business models for substitution and recycling(2018-03-26) Arroyo, Ana; Mendibil Eguiluz, Javier; Cupido Sanchez, Laura; Cupido, Laura Sánchez; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; Policies for Innovation and Technology; VALORIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOSOne strategy to overcome the challenges related to critical raw materials (CRMs) is their substitution and recycling. However, the bright scientific idea, proof of concept or laboratory demonstration need to cross the valley of death in order to become stated as 'a substitute' instead of 'a potential substitute'. Most PhD students and Post Docs specialize within a given thematic area; for example on specific materials or on substitution in a certain application. This specialization could limit the ability to generate innovations and profitable business models if there are not enough tools and skills to transform new knowledge and research results into an appealing value proposition towards customers and to a business opportunity for the current markets. The project proposes a framework for developing substitution and recycling related cross-sectorial skills and tools. These are applied for training business-related competences e.g. teamwork, management, communication, value proposition and business models design, especially within RTOs and industries. The proposed learning itinerary can radically improve the path from scientific proof of concept into innovation and lean start up or industrial market launch. The developed framework is tested by a pilot group having several topics within the areas of substitution and recycling of critical raw materials.Item Near-zero-waste processing of low-grade, complex primary ores and secondary raw materials in Europe: technology development trends(2020-09) Spooren, Jeroen; Binnemans, Koen; Björkmalm, Johanna; Breemersch, Koen; Dams, Yoko; Folens, Karel; González-Moya, María; Horckmans, Liesbeth; Komnitsas, Konstantinos; Kurylak, Witold; Lopez, Maria; Mäkinen, Jarno; Onisei, Silviana; Oorts, Koen; Peys, Arne; Pietek, Grzegorz; Pontikes, Yiannis; Snellings, Ruben; Tripiana, María; Varia, Jeet; Willquist, Karin; Yurramendi, Lourdes; Kinnunen, Päivi; VALORIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOSWith an increasing number of low-grade primary ores starting to be cost-effectively mined, we are at the verge of mining a myriad of low-grade primary and secondary mineral materials. At the same time, mining practices and mineral waste recycling are both evolving towards sustainable near-zero-waste processing of low-grade resources within a circular economy that requires a shift in business models, policies and improvements in process technologies. This review discusses the evolution towards low-grade primary ore and secondary raw material mining that will allow for sufficient supply of critical raw materials as well as base metals. Seven low-grade ores, including primary (Greek and Polish laterites) and secondary (fayalitic slags, jarosite and goethite sludges, zinc-rich waste treatment sludge and chromium-rich neutralisation sludge) raw materials are discussed as typical examples for Europe. In order to treat diverse and complex low-grade ores efficiently, the use of a new metallurgical systems toolbox is proposed, which is populated with existing and innovative unit operations: (i) mineral processing, (ii) metal extraction, (iii) metal recovery and (iv) matrix valorisation. Several promising novel techniques are under development for these four unit-operations. From an economical and environmental point of view, such processes must be fitted into new (circular) business models, whereby impacts and costs are divided over the entire value chain. Currently, low-grade secondary raw material processing is only economic and environmentally beneficial when the mineral residues can be valorised and landfill costs are avoided and/or incentives for waste processing can be taken into account.