Browsing by Keyword "Business and International Management"
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Item HTML5 and the evolution of HTML; tracing the origins of digital platforms(2021-05) Tabarés, Raúl; BIGDATAHTML (Hypertext Markup Language) has experienced a major transformation during the last decade prior to releasing its latest version known as HTML5 (Hypertext Markup Language 5). Several elements conceived around HTML during this period introduced significant problems in the development of the standard due to an increasing fragmentation and complexity in protocols, platforms, devices and systems. With the setting up of the WHATWG (Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group) and the popularization of HTML5, initial disagreements between W3C (World Wide Consortium) and other digital platforms around the strategy to follow were put to an end. However, the development of HTML5 has opened up doors to profound changes in the way that web standards are produced and the role of the Web as a techno-social platform. For shedding some light on these issues, this paper provides a retrospective throughout a historical revision of the evolution of HTML, shedding some light into the technical, economic and social factors that helped to create a “Living Standard”. For achieving this objective, the paper is built on the empirical evidence gathered from 21 interviews carried out with different HTML5 experts as well as a documentation analysis around the hypertext standard. This contribution stresses how the platform economy paradigm emerged thanks to different factors contributing to the increasing centralization that can be observed nowadays. Lastly, it is argued that the role of organizations like W3C and others should be strengthened for avoiding the oligopolistic practices of digital platforms in future episodes of socio-technical controversies.Item A method for defining a regional software ecosystem strategy: Colombia as a case study: Colombia as a case study(2016-03-01) Larrucea, Xabier; Nanclares, Felix; Santamaria, Izaskun; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; SWTSoftware ecosystems (SECO) have been related to products or to a community of developers around a product. The SECO concept can also be applied to describe regional software ecosystems in which different software companies collaborate in a specific market based on a set of concrete technologies and using a set of capabilities. This paper details a regional SECO concept and a method based on regional endogenous capabilities and country needs to define a SECO strategy. Traditional strategy definition approaches are top-down, whereas this approach is a blended approach that merges bottom-up based on current regional capabilities and top-down based on market and technology trends. This paper presents a large case study performed in 6 regions of Colombia. We conducted 49 interviews and 16 workshops in which 654 attendees participated, and we developed the Colombian ICT national strategic plan based on this approach.Item A tale of two innovation cultures: Bridging the gap between makers and manufacturers: Bridging the gap between makers and manufacturers(2020-11) Tabarés, Raúl; Kuittinen, Hanna; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; BIGDATA; Policies for Innovation and TechnologyMaker communities have been widely popularized during the last decade throughout the development of numerous shared spaces in the form of makerspaces, fab labs and hackerspaces across the globe. This phenomenon has drawn the attention of many stakeholders interested in establishing bridges with them for exploring their innovation potential. However, synergies between producer innovation and free innovation paradigms remain quite uncertain. To meet this gap, the authors provide an analysis of the 22 collaborative innovations between makers and manufacturers funded by the OPENMAKER project as well as relevant empirical evidence gathered throughout 126 semi-structured interviews. The findings of this contribution stress the misalignment of makers and manufacturers in society as well as their different values and motivations around innovation, and the lack of shared spaces. At the same time, the paper highlights the benefits that the interaction between these two communities could have for meeting societal challenges, increasing social welfare and speeding up innovation processes if proper incentives and conditions are orchestrated. In this sense, we propose a set of considerations and implications based on the empirical material gathered, for providing future directions for innovation policies and research agendas.