Browsing by Author "Ruiz, Nerea"
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Item Aggregation of thermostatically controlled loads for flexibility markets(2019-06) Jimeno, Joseba; Ruiz, Nerea; Madina, Carlos; POWER SYSTEMSThis paper presents a tool for an aggregator of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) to optimally combine their flexibilities into a few representative bids to be submitted to flexibility markets. The tool employs a “bottom-up” approach based on physical end-use load models, being the individual flexibility of each individual TCL simulated with a second-order thermal model describing the dynamics of the house. The approach is based on a direct load control (DLC) of thermostat temperature set-point by the aggregator. End-users receive an economic compensation in exchange for the loss of comfort. The applicability of the proposed model is demonstrated in a simulation case study based on an actual power system in Spain.Item A Comprehensive Review of the Design and Operation Optimization of Energy Hubs and Their Interaction with the Markets and External Networks(2023-05) Papadimitriou, Christina; Di Somma, Marialaura; Charalambous, Chrysanthos; Caliano, Martina; Palladino, Valeria; Cortés Borray, Andrés Felipe; González-Garrido, Amaia; Ruiz, Nerea; Graditi, Giorgio; POWER SYSTEMSThe European Union’s vision for energy transition not only foresees decarbonization of the electricity sector, but also requires commitment across different sectors such as gas, heating, and cooling through an integrated approach. It also sets local energy communities at the center of the energy transition as a bottom-up approach to achieve these ambitious decarbonization goals. The energy hub is seen as a promising conceptual model to foster the optimization of multi-carrier energy systems and cross-sectoral interaction. Especially in the context of local energy communities, the energy hub concept can enable the optimal design, management, and control of future integrated and digitalized networks where multiple energy carriers operate seamlessly and in complementarity with each other. In that sense, the optimal design and operation of energy hubs are of critical importance, especially under the effect of multiple objectives taking on board not only technical, but also other aspects that would enable the sustainability of local energy communities, such as economic and environmental. This paper aims to provide an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the existing state-of-the-art approaches that are related to the design and operation optimization of energy hubs by also exploring their interaction with the external network and multiple markets. As the planning and operation of an energy hub is a multifaceted research topic, this paper covers issues such as the different optimization methods, optimization problems formulation including objective functions and constraints, and the hubs’ optimal market participation, including flexibility mechanisms. By systematizing the existing literature, this paper highlights any limitations of the approaches so far and identifies the need for further research and enhancement of the existing approaches.Item Cost-Benefit Analysis of TSO-DSO coordination to operate flexibility markets(2019-06) Madina, Carlos; Riaño, Sandra; Gómez-Arriola, Inés; Kuusela, Pirkko; Aghaie, Hamid; Jimeno, Joseba; Ruiz, Nerea; Rossi, Marco; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS; SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOSThis paper presents the outcome of the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for the different alternatives defined in the project SmartNet for the coordination between transmission system operators (TSOs) and distribution system operators (DSOs). The CBA compares five coordination schemes in three countries (Italy, Denmark and Spain) on the basis of several economic indicators. On top of them, it also calculates some non-economic indicators to enrich the analysis. The main results for the Italian and the Spanish cases are presented in this paper.Item A direct load control model for virtual power plant management(2009) Ruiz, Nerea; Cobelo, Iñigo; Oyarzabal, José; POWER SYSTEMS; Tecnalia Research & InnovationIn the framework of liberalized electricity markets, distributed generation and controllable demand have the opportunity to participate in the real-time operation of transmission and distribution networks. This may be done by using the virtual power plant (VPP) concept, which consists of aggregating the capacity of many distributed energy resources (DER) in order to make them more accessible and manageable across energy markets. This paper provides an optimization algorithm to manage a VPP composed of a large number of customers with thermostatically controlled appliances. The algorithm, based on a direct load control (DLC), determines the optimal control schedules that an aggregator should apply to the controllable devices of the VPP in order to optimize load reduction over a specified control period. The results define the load reduction bid that the aggregator can present in the electricity market, thus helping to minimize network congestion and deviations between generation and demand. The proposed model, which is valid for both transmission and distribution networks, is tested on a real power system to demonstrate its applicability.Item Framework for the integration of active tertiary prosumers into a smart distribution grid(IEEE Computer Society, 2015-09-14) Jimeno, Joseba; Ruiz, Nerea; Tryferidis, Thanasis; Tzovaras, Dimitrios; Tsatsakis, Konstantinos; POWER SYSTEMSThis paper describes the approach taken in the collaborative project INERTIA [1] with the objective of introducing the Internet of Things-Services principles for enabling Demand Response (DR) operations. Nowadays, the continuously increasing presence of distributed intermittent energy sources along with inelasticity of demand pose significant challenges and undoubtedly have considerably negative impact on the overall operation of the electricity grid. Furthermore, the energy market is considered as inherently incomplete and imperfectly competitive mainly due to the characteristics and special nature of the commodity of power. Demand Side Management (DSM) as a supportive mechanism for grid operation and market participation, has the unleashed capacity to overcome some of the major barriers of controlling supply and demand becoming a powerful tool at the hands of Distribution Grid Operators as well as other market stakeholders. The proposed approach uses advanced and innovative Distributed Energy Resources (DER) models, occupancy prediction mechanisms, users' preferences extraction algorithms and DER monitoring and control technologies for making it possible to provide high volumes of demand flexibility without impacting on final user's comfort and DER utility levels. The demand flexibility made available at building level is then aggregated in order to offer significant flexibility volumes with high reliability degree to Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and other energy stakeholders.Item A real time control model for micro combined heat and power system operation(2013) Ruiz, Nerea; Laresgoiti, Iñaki; POWER SYSTEMS; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThis paper presents and approach for optimizing the operation of a micro-Combined Heat and Power system (μCHP) in a real time price market scenario. The objective is to determine the optimal operation set-point for the μCHP for the following five minutes according to the realtime price signal sent by the System Operator (SO) so as to maximise the profits obtained from the operation of the device while thermal demand requirements are fulfilled. The control algorithm makes use of the relative price concept in the decision making process as well as price sensitivity information of the end-user. Results of the simulated case studies show the feasibility of the proposed model for controlling the operation of a μCHP in a realtime price based market scenario in terms of economical profitability compared with a conventional thermostat based operation mode.Item Real-Time Flexibility Market Participation of Thermostatically Controlled Loads(IEEE, 2022) Jimeno, Joseba; Ruiz, Nerea; Madina, Carlos; Gonzalez-Garrido, Amaia; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMSThe objective of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of using the aggregated flexibility of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) to provide balancing and congestion management services to system operators through the participation in a real-time flexibility market. To this aim, a TCL aggregation model that employs a bottom-up approach based on physical end-use load models has been developed. A direct load control (DLC) scheme is considered, where the control variable is the thermostat temperature setpoint. This temperature can be manipulated between the upper and lower limits set by end-users, who receive an economic compensation in exchange for the loss of comfort. As output a set of flexibility bids to be sent to the market are obtained. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed aggregation model and estimate the overall flexibility potential from TCLs, a large-scale case study, based on a future power system in Spain has been considered.Item Residential load forecasting under a demand response program based on economic incentives(2015-08-01) Ruiz, Nerea; Claessens, Bert; Jimeno, Joseba; Lopez, Jose Antonio; Six, Daan; POWER SYSTEMSThis paper describes a tool for an Aggregator to forecast the aggregated load demand response of a group of domestic customers subscribed to an indirect load control program based on price/volume signals. The tool employs a bottom-up approach based on physical end-use load models where the individual responses of a random sample of customers are combined in order to build the aggregated load demand response model. Simulation of the individual responses is carried out with an optimization algorithm based on mixed integer linear programming that minimizes the electricity bill whilst maintaining consumer's comfort level. To improve the performance of the model, a genetic algorithm for fitting the input parameters according to measured data is also provided. The tool is intended to allow the Aggregator rehearsing the impact of different control strategies and therefore choosing the most appropriate ones for market participation and portfolio optimization. To exemplify the methodological applicability of the developed algorithm, a case study based on an actual power system in eastern Spain is considered.