Browsing by Author "Madina, Carlos"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 30
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    Aggregation of thermostatically controlled loads for flexibility markets
    (2019-06) Jimeno, Joseba; Ruiz, Nerea; Madina, Carlos; POWER SYSTEMS
    This paper presents a tool for an aggregator of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) to optimally combine their flexibilities into a few representative bids to be submitted to flexibility markets. The tool employs a “bottom-up” approach based on physical end-use load models, being the individual flexibility of each individual TCL simulated with a second-order thermal model describing the dynamics of the house. The approach is based on a direct load control (DLC) of thermostat temperature set-point by the aggregator. End-users receive an economic compensation in exchange for the loss of comfort. The applicability of the proposed model is demonstrated in a simulation case study based on an actual power system in Spain.
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    Assessment of ICT-based Architectures for the integration of EVs in smart grids
    (2015-12) Rodríguez-Sánchez, Raúl; Madina, Carlos; Zabala, Eduardo; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS
    The involvement of Information and Communication Technology (ICTs) systems in the evolution of distribution networks towards smart grid approaches is critical. The use of ICTs in the electrical system is already a fact, mainly in transmission but also at energy distribution level. It is expected that this dependency will increase in the future and, among other functionalities, it will help integrate distributed energy resources (DER), including electric vehicles (EVs), into network operation. Both remote communications and automated actions will be a characteristic of smart grids design, permitting higher levels of control and visibility in distribution networks. In general, smart grid features and processes in the fields of distribution automation, advanced metering, DER integration and customer empowering will condition the availability of services. DER system involvement in network operation processes is one of the main tools for flexibility enhancement in smart grids and the principal scope of this study. The services that could most suitably be provided by EVs to the network have been analysed through use case descriptions, involving: frequency regulation, load balancing, voltage regulation/reactive power provision, peak shaving, load profile flattening and renewable energy system (RES) integration. As result of the study, general ICT system requirements, including a network architecture, are proposed for the provision of advanced network services by EVs and other demand resources in smart grid environments.
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    Business and services models for electric vehicles
    (2012-11-21) Madina, Carlos; Coppola, Giovanni; Schumann, Detlef; Hartung, Patrice; Zabala, Eduardo; POWER SYSTEMS; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
    This paper introduces the approach for the business models analysis for electric vehicles, as followed in the FP7 EU-funded Green eMotion project. The main goal of Green eMotion is to enable a mass deployment of electric mobility in Europe. For that purpose, Green eMotion will connect ongoing regional and national electric mobility initiatives leveraging the results and comparing different technology approaches to ensure the best solutions prevail for the European market. A virtual marketplace will be created to enable the different actors to interact and to allow for new highvalue transportation services as well as electric vehicle (EV) user convenience in billing (EU Clearing House). In addition, the Green eMotion project will demonstrate the integration of electric mobility into electricity networks and contribute to the improvement and development of new and existing standards for electric mobility interfaces. In order to facilitate large-scale EVs roll-out in terms of social acceptance, commercial viability and system/environmental impact, the most suited business models should be identified and assessed according to a methodology taking into account all economic transactions between the different participating stakeholders.
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    Coordinación entre TSO y DSO para aprovechar el potencial de flexibilidad de los recursos distribuidos conectados en las redes de distribución
    (2018-11) Madina, Carlos; Sanchez, J.; Jimeno, Joseba; Pardo, M.; Merino, Julia; Duarte, M.; Marroquin, M.; Estrade, E.; POWER SYSTEMS; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
    Los sistemas eléctricos se enfrenan a numerosos desafíos a medida que la generación basada en energías renovables sustituye en gran parte a la que emplea combustibles fósiles. El carácter estocástico de muchas fuentes de generación renovable aumenta el volumen de reservas necesarias para asegurar la estabilidad del sistema, tanto en lo que se refiere a la tensión como a la frecuencia. Igualmente, el creciente número de sistemas de generación y almacenamiento de pequeño tamaño y consumidores con capacidad de flexibilizar su demanda aumenta la cantidad de potenciales proveedores de servicios a los que los operadores de transporte y distribución pueden acudir para optimizar la gestión de sus redes. El proyecto SmartNet (http://smartnet-project.eu/) compara cinco posibles esquemas de coordinación entre TSO y DSO, con diferentes arquitecturas de mercado en tiempo real (5 minutos), a fin de determinar qué soluciones son mejores desde una perspectiva tecno-económica para el sistema eléctrico. Para ello, se ha desarrollado una metodología de coste-beneficio específica, que se ha aplicado a los distintos esquemas de coordinación en los tres países considerados en el proyecto: España, Italia y Dinamarca. En paralelo, se han desarrollado tres pilotos de demostración, en esos mismos tres países, con el objetivo de demostrar la viabilidad tecnológica de las soluciones propuestas. Cada piloto tiene una arquitectura, un esquema de coordinación y unos proveedores de flexibilidad diferentes. En concreto, el piloto español, desplegado en Barcelona, utiliza la flexibilidad de las baterías de respaldo de estaciones base de telefonía móvil para mejorar la operación de la red de distribución, mediante la creación de un mercado local gestionado por la distribuidora. Este artículo presenta las conclusiones preliminares del estudio de coste-beneficio para los diferentes esquemas de coordinación en los tres países, así como los resultados de los pilotos y, en particular, del desarrollado en España.
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    Coordinación TSO-DSO para el aprovechamiento de flexibilidad en la red de distribución: Proyecto Smartnet
    (2019-01-29) Madina, Carlos; Jimeno, Joseba; Gómez-Arriola, Inés; Pardo, M.; Rossi, Marco; Migliavacca, Gianluigi; Kuusela, Pirkko; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS
    La descarbonización de los sistemas eléctricos está dificultando la operación de los mismos, en particular en lo que se refiere a la operación de las redes de transporte y distribución. En este contexto, es fundamental una mayor coordinación y cooperación entre los operadores de ambas redes a fin de garantizar la estabilidad del sistema. El proyecto SmartNet ha definido varias alternativas de coordinación entre el TSO y el DSO para el aprovechamiento de recursos conectados a la red de distribución y con capacidad de aportar flexibilidad. Posteriormente, se ha desarrollado un entorno de simulación para evaluar el impacto de las distintas alternativas en un escenario plausible a 2030 en Italia, Dinamarca y España. Cada una de las opciones de coordinación llevará aparejados una serie de costes (especialmente, ligados a los sistemas TICs), pero también aportará distintos beneficios al sistema, por lo que, mediante un análisis coste-beneficio, se puede comparar la bondad de cada una de ellas e identificar las más prometedoras en cada uno de los países objeto de estudio. Con el fin de demostrar la viabilidad tecnológica de las soluciones propuestas, así como para identificar las barreras operativas de las mismas, se han desplegado tres pilotos de demostración, uno en cada país de los anteriormente indicados. La presente comunicación presenta los principales desarrollos y las conclusiones más importantes de este proyecto.
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    Cost-Benefit Analysis of TSO-DSO coordination to operate flexibility markets
    (2019-06) Madina, Carlos; Riaño, Sandra; Gómez-Arriola, Inés; Kuusela, Pirkko; Aghaie, Hamid; Jimeno, Joseba; Ruiz, Nerea; Rossi, Marco; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS; SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS
    This paper presents the outcome of the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for the different alternatives defined in the project SmartNet for the coordination between transmission system operators (TSOs) and distribution system operators (DSOs). The CBA compares five coordination schemes in three countries (Italy, Denmark and Spain) on the basis of several economic indicators. On top of them, it also calculates some non-economic indicators to enrich the analysis. The main results for the Italian and the Spanish cases are presented in this paper.
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    Economic assessment of strategies to deploy publicly accessible charging infrastructure
    (Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, 2015-12) Madina, Carlos; Barlag, Heike; Coppola, Giovanni; Gomez, Ines; Rodriguez, Raul; Zabala, Eduardo; POWER SYSTEMS; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
    From the end user perspective, the main barriers for widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption are high purchase cost and range anxiety, both regarding battery capacity and availability of accessible EV charging infrastructure. Governments and public bodies in general are taking steps towards overcoming these barriers by, among others, setting up regulatory requirements regarding standardisation, customer information and recommending objectives of publicly accessible charging infrastructure. However, the economic performance of publicly accessible charging infrastructure is unknown and any deployment plan should be backed up by a rigorous cost-benefit analysis, to check the efficiency of the plan in economic terms. This paper presents the results of the economic assessment performed within the FP7 EU-funded Green eMotion project, where relevant conclusions for helping industry strategic approach and decision makers have been taken.
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    Economic assessment of strategies to deploy publicly accessible charging infrastructure
    (2015) Madina, Carlos; Barlag, Heike; Coppola, Giovanni; Gomez, Ines; Rodriguez, Raul; Zabala, Eduardo; POWER SYSTEMS; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
    From the end user perspective, the main barriers for widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption are high purchase cost and range anxiety, both regarding battery capacity and availability of accessible EV charging infrastructure. Governments and public bodies in general are taking steps towards overcoming these barriers by, among others, setting up regulatory requirements regarding standardisation, customer information and recommending objectives of publicly accessible charging infrastructure. However, the economic performance of publicly accessible charging infrastructure is unknown and any deployment plan should be backed up by a rigorous cost-benefit analysis, to check the efficiency of the plan in economic terms. This paper presents the results of the economic assessment performed within the FP7 EU-funded Green eMotion project, where relevant conclusions for helping industry strategic approach and decision makers have been taken.
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    Economic Impact of Distribution Grid Operation Scenarios for the Integration of Electric Vehicles
    (2014-12-03) Madina, Carlos; Zabala, Eduardo; Rodríguez-Sánchez, Raúl; Turienzo, Elena; Lopez, Jose Antonio; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS
    Electric Vehicles (EVs) will become an important part of the transport system in Europe and can thus create a number of benefits in term of oil dependence reduction, air quality improvement and trade balance enhancement. However, they can also become a burden for distribution system operator (DSOs) if they charge in an uncontrolled way. In addition, the increasing deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) and other distributed energy resources (DER) are making the distribution grid planning more complicated than in the past, when consumers were considered to be passive elements and grid was dimensioned to meet peak demand. PlanGridEV project proposes new planning procedures, which take into account the possibility to manage consumers’ electricity demand, including the charging process of EVs, both to better integrate DER and to more efficiently plan the investments in the distribution grid. The planning rules will be validated by carrying out four test beds, which will serve as an input for assessing the economic performance of four scenarios, representing four theoretical alternatives for distribution grid planning. Different services that EVs can provide to DSOs and other actors in the e-mobility ecosystem will be analysed in each scenario. Then, a grid planning tool will be developed to help DSOs consider EVs and demand and other demand response (DR) capabilities when planning distribution grid extension.
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    Economic Implications of DSO-TSO Coordination Schemes at a System Level and for Market Actors in case of Flexibility or Traditional Grid-based Solution
    (IEEE, 2022-10) Madina, Carlos; Gonzalez-Garrido, Amaia; Gomez-Arriola, Ines; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS
    This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the economic implication of the use of flexibility to solve both joint DSO-TSO and local DSO-specific congestion management needs. The presented methodology enables evaluating the economic implications at a system level and per market actor according to the selected DSO-TSO coordination scheme and given flexibility needs. Firstly, several DSO-TSO coordination schemes are presented to solve joint needs, in which market access to flexible resources at the distribution grid is enabled to a greater or lesser extent. Secondly, the use of flexibility is compared to traditional grid solutions (i.e., grid reinforcement, temporary commissioning services) to enable the DSO to make cost-efficient grid decisions in the short and medium term. Finally, the economic impact on flexible service providers at the distribution level is carefully presented. This methodology seeks to support energy policies and other regulatory decisions.
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    EV integration in smart grids through interoperability solutions
    (Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, 2015) Rodríguez, Raúl; Madina, Carlos; Zabala, Eduardo; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS
    The high total cost of ownership and the uncertainties surrounding battery reliability are still the main barriers for electric vehicle (EV) market take off in Europe. Storage evolution, leading to both price reduction and performance improvement, is a huge technical challenge in the medium-long term. In the meantime, new business models and market niche developments might play a facilitator role for EV deployment by tackling the economic gap between conventional ICE and electromobility (e-mobility) solutions. Based on the analysis of the state of the art, this paper considers new business model aspects, but with an especial focus on smart grid integration and interoperability. Available solutions for electro-mobility are sketched out and presented according to the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), giving hints on regulation, business, services, components and communication and information. The smart grid integration of EVs is highly dependent on the interoperability of e-mobility solutions with electric network management procedures. In addition, it is expected that the interoperability between different e-mobility developments results in lower prices and extended services availability for final users. This makes this subject to be of great importance at international level. To achieve this, it is necessary to be able to assess interoperability, not only at the level of physical systems but at all domains, including stakeholder interactions in the frame of a broad diversity of services, business models and regulatory schemes. COTEVOS project aim is to help tackle this challenge.
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    Exploiting flexibility of radio base stations in local DSO markets for congestion management with shared balancing responsibility between TSO and DSO
    (2018) Madina, Carlos; Jimeno, Joseba; Merino, J.; Pardo, M.; Marroquin, M.; Estrade, E.; POWER SYSTEMS
    Electric power systems are facing major challenges as fossil fuel generation is replaced by renewable generation, which is often characterised by variable behaviour. This increases the need for resources to be used to guarantee voltage and frequency stability and to ensure power quality. At the same time, an increasing number of flexible demand and storage systems are being located at distribution level. All these resources can potentially provide network services if they are aggregated effectively. To achieve this, however, the roles of the diverse network stakeholders –transmission systems operators (TSOs), distribution systems operators (DSOs) and aggregators– should be reshaped. Together, the way realtime electricity markets are organised must also be adapted to reflect the new operating environment. The project SmartNet (http://smartnet-project.eu/) compares five TSO-DSO coordination schemes and different real-time market architectures with the aim of finding out which one could deliver the best compromise between costs and benefits for the system. An ad-hoc-developed platform is used to carry out simulations on three benchmark countries –Italy, Denmark and Spain– whose results are used to perform a cost-benefit analysis. This analysis compares the benefits drawn by the system with the ICT costs needed to implement each coordination scheme. In parallel, three demonstration projects (pilots) are deployed for testing specific technological solutions to enable monitoring, control and participation in ancillary services provision from flexible entities located in distribution networks. This paper summarises the achievements of the Spanish pilot during the first two years of operation. The pilot includes technical and economic aspects, under the “Shared balancing responsibility model”, to demonstrate the feasibility of using urban, distributed radio base stations to provide ancillary services for the DSO through demand side management. In this model, the balancing responsibility is divided between the TSO and the DSO, so that each of them must ensure a predefined schedule in the common border. With that aim, the DSO organises a local market to respect the schedule agreed with the TSO, while the TSO has no access to resources connected to the distribution grid. Commercial market parties such as aggregators become flexibility providers of aggregated distributed energy resources at the local market and the DSO allocates flexibility among them in a competitive manner. Additionally, the local market is used also by the DSO for managing the congestions in its own grid.
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    Flexibility markets to procure system services. CoordiNet project
    (IEEE, 2020-10-13) Madina, Carlos; Gomez-Arriola, Ines; Santos-Mugica, Maider; Jimeno, Joseba; Kessels, Kris; Trakas, Dimitris; Pablo Chaves, Jose; Ruwaida, Yvonne; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS
    The efficiency and reliability of electricity systems depend, among other aspects, on an efficient collaboration between the different market participants, which require updating the roles of all agents involved. The CoordiNet project, co-funded by the EU, intends to demonstrate how TSOs and DSOs can act in a coordinated manner, to purchase and activate system services, promote the cooperation of all actors and eliminate barriers for the active participation of DERs in the market. The results of the project will help to design scalable tools and methodologies for system operators and third parties to safely connect, manage and coordinate flexibility providers. This paper describes the developments in CoordiNet to ensure the interoperability of the different markets and platforms developed by TSOs and DSOs across Europe.
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    GLocalFlex, New Flexibility Solutions and Services. Cross-Pilot Overarching Business Use Cases
    (IEEE Computer Society, 2024) Madina, Carlos; Gonzalez-Garrido, Amaia; Gomez-Arriola, Ines; Santos-Mugica, Maider; Kuusela, Pirkko; Tamminen, Arttu; Mehnert, Stephan; POWER SYSTEMS
    The GLocalFlex project aims to mobilise demand side flexibility in a replicated manner. A novel element is an auction marketplace where individual households up to industrial size consumers provide batches of flexibility to one or many procurers. In that sense, it is necessary to describe new business models and to develop, deploy, demonstrate and evaluate the newly developed flexibility solutions and services. GLocalFlex will demonstrate the interaction of the novel marketplace with six pilots across Europe. Based on the specific business use cases to be deployed by the different pilots, eight overarching business use cases, which reflect the main objectives of the business use cases proposed by the pilots, have been identified. This paper presents a description of the overarching business use cases, their relevance for the different pilots and how the use of the GLocalFlex marketplace will contribute to facilitating the provision of flexibility by small consumers.
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    ICT architectures for TSO-DSO coordination and data exchange: a European perspective: A European Perspective
    (2023-03-01) Perez, Nestor Rodriguez; Domingo, Javier Matanza; Lopez, Gregorio Lopez; Avila, Jose Pablo Chaves; Bosco, Ferdinando; Croce, Vincenzo; Kukk, Kalle; Uslar, Mathias; Madina, Carlos; Santos-Mugica, Maider; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS
    The coordination between system operators is a key element for the decarbonization of the power system. Over the past few years, many EU-funded research projects have addressed the challenges of Transmission System Operators (TSO) and Distribution System Operators (DSO) coordination by implementing different data exchange architectures. This paper presents a review of the ICT architectures implemented for the main coordination schemes demonstrated in such projects. The main used technologies are analyzed, considering the type of data exchanged and the communication link. Finally, the paper presents the different gaps and challenges on TSO-DSO coordination related to ICT architectures that must still be faced, paying especial attention to the expected contribution of the EU-funded OneNet project on this topic. IEEE
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    Large-scale TSO-DSO-Consumer demonstrations of innovative system services through DR, storage and small-scale DG
    (2021) Van Stiphout, Mark; Dognini, Alberto; Monti, Antonello; Boultadakis, George; Glennung, Kirsten; Bertoncini, Massimo; Kukk, Kalle; Madina, Carlos; Peralta, Jacobo; POWER SYSTEMS
    Demonstrate the activation and provision of services through a TSO-DSO coordination. Define and test standard products that provide services to the network operators. Develop a TSO-DSO-consumer collaboration platform in demonstration areas to pave the way for the interoperable development of a pan-European market.
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    Markets and platforms to coordinate the procurement of system services from large-scale and small-scale assets connected to the electricity network
    (2020) Madina, Carlos; Santos-Mugica, Maider; Gómez-Arriola, Inés; Jimeno, Joseba; POWER SYSTEMS
    The efficiency and the reliability of the electricity system depend on an efficient collaboration between the different market participants. New challenges for the power sector, which require updating the roles of all agents involved, have emerged due to the growing importance of renewable energy sources, the advance of distributed generation, the development of self-consumption, the storage of energy and the mass integration of the electric vehicles. In this context, the safe and efficient functioning of the electricity system is linked to exploiting the untapped flexibility potential in both generation and demand. Therefore, the coordination of distribution system operators (DSOs) and transmission system operators (TSOs) in the procurement of system services provided by units located in both distribution and transmission grids become one of the current challenges.
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    Methodology for assessing electric vehicle charging infrastructure business models
    (2016-02-01) Madina, Carlos; Zamora, Inmaculada; Zabala, Eduardo; POWER SYSTEMS; Tecnalia Research & Innovation
    The analysis of economic implications of innovative business models in networked environments, as electro-mobility is, requires a global approach to ensure that all the involved actors obtain a benefit. Although electric vehicles (EVs) provide benefits for the society as a whole, there are a number of hurdles for their widespread adoption, mainly the high investment cost for the EV and for the infrastructure. Therefore, a sound business model must be built up for charging service operators, which allows them to recover their costs while, at the same time, offer EV users a charging price which makes electro-mobility comparable to internal combustion engine vehicles. For that purpose, three scenarios are defined, which present different EV charging alternatives, in terms of charging power and charging station ownership and accessibility. A case study is presented for each scenario and the required charging station usage to have a profitable business model is calculated. We demonstrate that private home charging is likely to be the preferred option for EV users who can charge at home, as it offers a lower total cost of ownership under certain conditions, even today. On the contrary, finding a profitable business case for fast charging requires more intensive infrastructure usage.
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    Optimised TSO-DSO Coordination to Integrate Renewables in Flexibility Markets
    (IEEE, 2019-09) Madina, Carlos; Kuusela, Pirkko; Rossi, Marco; Aghaie, Hamid; Gomez-Arriola, Ines; Riaño, Sandra; POWER SYSTEMS; SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS
    The necessary energy transition to decarbonize power systems is leading to increasingly important challenges for the operation of power systems. On the one hand, the intermittent nature of renewable generation requires system operators to procure ancillary services in larger volumes than in the past. On the other, the growing penetration of medium- and small-scale, flexible demand and storage systems in distribution networks could potentially offer network services, if they are aggregated effectively and there is an appropriate coordination between transmission system operators (TSOs), distribution system operators (DSOs) and aggregators. Therefore, an important topic to be analysed is whether distributed energy resources (DER) can replace traditional generation in the provision of ancillary services (AS), how this replacement will affect the system operators’ roles and how to improve the coordination between TSOs and DSOs. This paper shows the results of the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) performed within the project SmartNet to assess the advantages or disadvantages of different TSO-DSO coordination schemes, as well as the follow-up activities to be carried out in the project CoordiNet.
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    Optimized and enhanced grid architecture for electric vehicles in Europe
    (2017-02-01) Übermasser, Stefan; Rodríguez Sanchez, Raúl; Madina, Carlos; Böcker, Stefan; Glancy, Mark; O’Callaghan, Eoghan; Silvestre, Luís; Voit, Stefan; Gaul, Armin; Odena Bultó, Gemma; Hribernik, Wolfgang; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; POWER SYSTEMS
    For an optimized large-scale roll-out of EVs in Europe whilst at the same time maximizing the potential of DER integration, an optimized and enhanced grid architecture for EVs in Europe has to be considered. The work in this paper is addressing this topic and summarizing the corresponding project findings. The aim of this approach is to provide a framework for the further investigation of selected use cases which allows implementing and comparing scenarios of different DSOs. Following a Smart Grid approach, the developed grid architecture implements energy grid entities and ICT components. The general framework was described including all its relevant clusters and indicating related entities. The network types used for this architecture are following the SGAM and Smart Grid Standards Map approach. A so-called “Smart Grid Connection Point”, which is a generic system interface, is used in this work to allow a more simplified graphical architecture model and increase its readability. Similar to the concept and purpose of the Smart Grid Connection Point, also the principle of an integration bus for entity clusters was introduced. From the Integration bus, the information from/to external systems passes through the Smart Grid Connection Point using one of a range of possible technological options. The position of EVs charging infrastructure within the framework is defined at the border between the domains DERs (generation) and consumption, which takes into account future V2G scenarios, where EVs may act as consumption and generation devices. EVSEs and DERs may be connected as standalone systems directly to the grid, or indirectly as part of one of the clusters at the customer premises domain which refers to the three location-wise types of charging, public, semi-public and private charging. Regarding controlled charging of EVs this optimized architecture allows a variety of different local, distributed or aggregated options which may involve different types of actors.