Browsing by Author "Larrinaga, Pello"
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Item Comparison between experimental values and standards on natural stone masonry mechanical properties(2012-03) García, David; San-José, José T.; Garmendia, Leire; Larrinaga, Pello; TRAZABILIDAD CIRCULAR; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThe research presented in this paper investigates the mechanical properties under compressive loads of a natural stone masonry. Selected materials and arrangement are typical from the Romanesque period, the main architectural style in Europe from the 9th to the 13th centuries, found both in heritage and conventional buildings. The characterisation of the basic materials and different stone masonry prisms are included. Sandstone and low strength lime-cement mortar were used for this experimental work because of their availability and similarity with the masonry found in many historic buildings from the North of Spain. The morphological characteristics of the original ancient walls were also taken into account, in order to manufacture prism specimens that were as representative as possible of the Spanish Romanesque typology (i.e. in terms of its geometry, composition of the internal core, relative size, etc.). The experimental values were compared with the analytical ones provided by other author's equations, codes and main standards. The differences on the obtained results are analysed and the more suitable formulae are identified. The results permit a better understanding of these materials and a reliable source of data for the validation of the existing structures.Item Experimental and numerical modeling of basalt textile reinforced mortar behavior under uniaxial tensile stress(2014-03) Larrinaga, Pello; Chastre, Carlos; Biscaia, Hugo C.; San-José, José T.; Tecnalia Research & InnovationDuring the last years several projects and studies have improved the knowledge about textile reinforced mortar (TRM) technology. TRM has already been used in strengthening masonry and reinforced concrete structural elements such as walls, arches, columns and beams. This material is presented as a real alternative to the use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) in situations where these composites have presented some drawbacks or their use is banned. Textile reinforced mortar show a complex mechanical behavior derived from the heterogeneity of the constituent materials. This paper aims to deepen the knowledge of this composite material in terms of tensile behavior.Following this scope, this paper presents an experimental campaign focused on thirty-one TRM specimens reinforced with four different reinforcing ratios. The results are analyzed and contrasted with two distinct models. (i) The Aveston-Cooper-Kelly theory (ACK) which is based on a tri-linear analytical approach; and (ii) a non-linear numerical simulation with a 3D finite element code.The finite element analysis (FEA) of the TRM tensile tests also showed no significant dependence on the basalt-to-mortar interface, i.e., the choice of a bond-slip curve in order to reproduce the bond stresses and slippages along the interface is irrelevant and it can be simply considered as rigid interface.Item Flexural strengthening of low-grade reinforced concrete beams with compatible composite material: Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG)(2020-02-28) Larrinaga, Pello; Garmendia, Leire; Piñero, Ignacio; San-José, José Tomás; E&I SEGURAS Y RESILIENTESA substantial fraction of the existing housing stock is built with low-quality reinforced concrete that shows poor mechanical properties. Those concretes, labelled low-grade concretes, present certain drawbacks when common strengthening techniques are used for their rehabilitation. Over recent decades, a number of investigations have added to our knowledge of strengthening materials in the form of inorganic-based composites. Amongst those materials, Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) presents optimum characteristics for flexural strengthening in situations where the use of other retrofitting techniques is not recommendable. Previous applications of SRG include the reinforcement of constructive components that include masonry walls, arches, and even slabs, in positions where the adherence of externally bonded organic composites such as FRP can present difficulties. The adherence of organic binders is not appropriate for low-performance concrete substrates and can cause FRP laminate debonding and the detachment of the concrete substrate. The central theme of this study is the strengthening of low-performance RC beams with SRG to resist flexural forces. This innovative material forms a cement-based matrix, rather than an organic binder, which is a partial solution for the above-mentioned lack of full compatibility between ancient concrete and externally bonded strengthening solutions. In addition, SRG presents additional advantages such as: fire resistance, durability, and some reversibility. Tests are performed on eighteen reinforced concrete (RC) beams (17 MPa): two reference specimens and sixteen specimens to study particular aspects of the SRG strengthening solution: the strengthening ratio and the performance of two anchorage systems. The results achieved in this research work lead us to conclude that SRG is an effective solution for the retrofitting of low-grade reinforced concrete to increase its load-flexural and deformation capacity.Item Innovative strengthening solution based on Textile Reinforced Mortar for stone masonry arches(2010) Garmendia, Leire; San-José, José Tomás; García, David; Larrinaga, Pello; Díez, Jesús; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TRAZABILIDAD CIRCULAR; E&I SEGURAS Y RESILIENTESThis paper aims to present the design, strengthening and testing of full scale masonry walls and arches. The preservation of our cultural heritage is a really important topic. Majority of masonry structures are deteriorated because of ageing effects, load increments, movements at their foundations, etc. Because of this, retrofitting is needed. In order to afford this problem, a compatible and minimally invasive strengthening technique based on Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) is developed. The experimental campaign consists of the characterisation of the constitutive materials of the stone structures and the strengthening textile and mortar (TRM has been characterised by pure tensile tests). Furthermore, the influence of the different arrangements of the masonry and mortar type has been analysed by testing 24 masonry prisms. Finally, 12 full-scale stone arches have been erected, strengthened and tested. The purpose is to compare the mechanical behaviour up to failure of both unstrengthened and strengthened structures. During the tests the effectiveness of the technique has been proved being the ultimate load up to 21 times higher.Item Mortar-based systems for externally bonded strengthening of masonry(2014-10-21) de Felice, Gianmarco; De Santis, Stefano; Garmendia, Leire; Ghiassi, Bahman; Larrinaga, Pello; Lourenço, Paulo B.; Oliveira, Daniel V.; Paolacci, Fabrizio; Papanicolaou, Catherine G.; Tecnalia Research & InnovationMortar-based composite materials appear particularly promising for use as externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) systems for masonry structures. Nevertheless, their mechanical performance, which may significantly differ from that of Fibre Reinforced Polymers, is still far from being fully investigated. Furthermore, standardized and reliable testing procedures have not been defined yet. The present paper provides an insight on experimental-related issues arising from campaigns on mortar-based EBRs carried out by laboratories in Italy, Portugal and Spain. The performance of three reinforcement systems made out of steel, carbon and basalt textiles embedded in inorganic matrices has been investigated by means of uniaxial tensile coupon testing and bond tests on brick and stone substrates. The experimental results contribute to the existing knowledge regarding the structural behaviour of mortar-based EBRs against tension and shear bond stress, and to the development of reliable test procedures aiming at their homogenization/standardization.Item Non-linear analytical model of composites based on basalt textile reinforced mortar under uniaxial tension(2013) Larrinaga, Pello; Chastre, Carlos; San-José, José T.; Garmendia, Leire; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThe recent development of inorganic based composites as low-cost materials in reinforced concrete structural strengthening and precast thin-walled components, requires the creation of models that predict the mechanical behaviour of these materials. Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) shows complex stress-strain behaviour in tension derived from the heterogeneity of its constituent materials. This complexity is mainly caused by the formation of several cracks in the inorganic matrix. The multiple cracking leads to a decrease in structural stiffness. Due to the severe conditions of the serviceability limit state in structural elements, the prediction of the stress-strain curve is essential for design and calculation purposes. After checking other models, an empirical nonlinear approach, which is based on the crack control expression included in the Eurocode 2, is proposed in this paper. Following this scope, this paper presents an experimental campaign focused on 31 TRM specimens reinforced with four different reinforcing ratios. The results are analysed and satisfactorily contrasted with the presented non-linear approach.Item Strengthening masonry vaults with organic and inorganic composites:An experimental approach: An experimental approach(2015-11-15) Garmendia, Leire; Larrinaga, Pello; San-Mateos, Rosa; San-Jose, Jose Tomas; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; E&I SEGURAS Y RESILIENTESPolymer-reinforced fibers are now commonly applied to buildings for structural retrofitting purposes. These materials add greater tensile strength to structures, at the expense of a slight increase in weight. However, they also have other disadvantages such as brittle behavior and lack of water vapor permeability, which are not desired in the conservation of heritage buildings. Alternative composite materials embedded in an inorganic matrix are presented, which solve some of the drawbacks associated with organic matrices. Long steel fibers and basalt textiles are applied to the resistant core of the inorganic matrix to produce a steel-basalt reinforced mortar-based composite. Firstly, a mechanical characterization of the individual components and the resulting material was performed. Secondly, non-strengthened and strengthened real-scale (2.98 m span, 1.46 m high and 0.77 m deep) brick masonry vaults were tested up to failure, in order to demonstrate the mechanical effectiveness of these composite materials. Finally, a comparison between two mortar composite materials (steel-strips/basalt-textiles embedded in a polymer matrix) was performed, with the same real-scale brick-vault failure tests. The experimental campaign demonstrates that the steel/basalt composite mortar is a feasible alternative, which is physically compatible with masonry structures, easy to apply, and effective for the reinforcement of brick vaults.