Browsing by Author "Garmendia, Leire"
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Item ADAPTATION TO FLOODING EVENTS THROUGH VULNERABILITY MAPPING IN HISTORIC URBAN AREAS(2018-03-06) Gandini, Alessandra; Prieto, Iñaki; Garmendia, Leire; San-José, José Tomás; Egusquiza, Aitziber; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANA; Tecnalia Research & InnovationHistoric urban areas are complex and inter-reliant systems, vulnerable to natural hazards. Over the recent years, the increase frequency in extreme precipitation events and sea-level rise, have impacted on a large number of historic areas, growing concern over disaster mitigation related to climate change. Most of the changes in the climatological indicators may have adverse impacts on historic areas, leading to physical, social and cultural consequences and should be included in urban planning practice. The importance of addressing cultural heritage in disaster risk has also been included in The Sendai Framework, considering the dimensions of vulnerability, adaptive capacity and exposure through systematic evaluation. Urban planning decisions involve an understanding of complex interactions between different aspects of the city, in its constructive, social, economic, environmental and cultural system. The analysis of these interactions requires a systemic approach as the components operate on different spatial and temporal scales and generate a large amount of data. This information can be used to determine the vulnerability of historic areas by assessing it at the building level, through the creation of typologies representing the building stock, often characterized by similarities and common constructive elements. The comprehension of the information can be supported and homogenized by a multi-scale urban model, to facilitate the understanding of interactions and the link among the different disciplines involved. This paper describes the methodology proposed for vulnerability mapping in historic urban areas, by using a categorization method supported by an information strategy and a multiscale urban model.Item Central lessons from the historical analysis of 24 reinforced-concrete structures in northern Spain(2016-07-01) Marcos, Ignacio; San-José, José Tomás; Garmendia, Leire; Santamaría, Amaia; Manso, Juan Manuel; Tecnalia Research & InnovationSince the late-nineteenth century, the use of reinforced-concrete as a structural material has proliferated and is now commonplace in the modern built environment. Some of the structures from that century are even considered cultural heritage. In the early stages of its technical development, concrete was seen as practically immutable over time; however, prolonged exposure to environmental agents has revealed its very significant problems of weakening strength and durability. A total of 24 aging reinforced-concrete structures in the Basque Country (northern Spain) and their behavior over time are analyzed in this paper. Reference is made to pathological reports, categorized for the purposes of this study, which characterize their concrete and steel components. This contribution greatly enhances our knowledge of each structure for future studies and for the improvement of their conservation strategies.Item Climate change risk assessment: A holistic multi-stakeholder methodology for the sustainable development of cities: A holistic multi-stakeholder methodology for the sustainable development of cities(2021-02) Gandini, Alessandra; Quesada, Laura; Prieto, Iñaki; Garmendia, Leire; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANACities are at risk due to global climate change, increasing both the frequency and the intensity of storms and extreme precipitation, sea-level rise, and other extreme weather events. Disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change should include a holistic and multi-scale perspective, to address the challenges of sustainable urban development and the conservation of the cultural value of our cities. In this research, an integral multi-stakeholder methodological approach is presented for risk assessment, supported by a data-collection and analysis strategy and a multi-scale urban model based on CityGML. A method of sampling buildings is presented together with the necessary data analysis, in order to perform the analysis at city scale. The methodology is implemented in Donostia- San Sebastián (northern Spain), a city located alongside a river estuary on the coastline. A sample of 2262 buildings are analyzed with varied characteristics at risk of extreme precipitation and/or storm surges and sea-level rise. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the methodology at generating a unique risk index through a balance between the resources for data collection and the accuracy of the results, supported by a graphical 3D representation to facilitate results interpretation, and the subsequent evidence-based decision-making for prioritizing sustainable interventions.Item Development of a tool for tecnical damage and risk assessment in construction(2020) Garmendia, Leire; Marcos, Ignacio; Roji, Eduardo; Gandini, Alessandra; Losada, Ramon; Herrera, Jose; Atares, Fernando; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThe Spanish building construction and rehabilitation sector is regulated by the Law on Building Ordinance (Ley de Ordenación de la Edificación –LOE-) and the Building Technical Code (Código Técnico de la Edificación -CTE-). The former was enacted to protect users interests and it establishes the obligations of the agents that participate in the building process so that their responsibilities and guaranties are specified. The latter, translates the basic requirements of the LOE into technical objectives, defining the requirements to be fulfilled by buildings. With the entry into force of the LOE, the ten-year warranty is the only one that has been materialized through the hiring of a ten-year insurance. Since 2016, various meetings have taken place among the different agents involved in the construction sector, the Ministry of Development (Area of architecture, housing and soil), and representatives of political parties from the parliament, in order to study the opportunity of the compulsory subscription of three-year guarantees. Nevertheless, it still has not had a specific answer from insurers mainly due to the lack of definition of the extension of “damage” and uncertainty in the quantification of the risk. This paper presents the development of a tool that will allow to assess technical damages along the building process and manage technical risks by the implementation of a sustainable and continuous improvement to ensure adequate response (technically and economically) of the building agents to end users, in line with the guarantees required by law. The methodology identifies existing constructive typologies for every building components and their common pathologies, establishing their origin and the corresponding law compliance breaches. Then, an objective criterion to identify, assess and manage existing risk is presented.Item Do we know how urban heritage is being endangered by climate change? A systematic and critical review(2021-11) Quesada-Ganuza, Laura; Garmendia, Leire; Roji, Eduardo; Gandini, Alessandra; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAIt is worldwide accepted that climate change is affecting cities and that the conservation of the cultural heritage contributes to sustainable development. However, despite the high level of interest and research in climate-change risks on socioeconomic, urban and natural systems, studies that assess climate change impacts on urban cultural heritage and contribute to a holistic understanding on the subject present noticeable gaps in knowledge. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to assess the state-of- the-art of cultural heritage risk assessment methodologies within urban systems in the context of climate change, specifically historic urban areas. For this purpose, a systematic search was applied using Web of Science and Scopus. The search identified and characterized existing methodologies on vulnerability and risk assessment for cultural heritage in a changing climate following the PRISMA protocol, and it synthesized knowledge gaps to be addressed in the near future. This study aims to bring risk assessment methodologies closer to urban planners for more efficient climate change adaptation policies. The research concluded that there is an unbalance between the amount of methodologies for the different climate change derived hazards and their impacts on historic urban areas. The amount of methodologies focused on flooding highlights that further research is needed for other relevant hazards, like heat and cold waves, that contribute to a holistic perspective.Item A holistic and multi-stakeholder methodology for vulnerability assessment of cities to flooding and extreme precipitation events(2020-12) Gandini, Alessandra; Garmendia, Leire; Prieto, Iñaki; Álvarez, Irantzu; San-José, José-Tomás; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAOver recent years, the frequency and intensity of torrential rain and flooding events linked to climate change have been impacting on cities throughout the world. Adaptation to climate change must therefore be integrated into urban planning and coupled with sustainable urban development and conservation policies. To do so, a good understanding of the vulnerability of cities to these extreme events is necessary, lending special attention to the specifics of the different urban areas, such as historic city centres. In the present study, a vulnerability evaluation methodology is presented for cities against extreme rainfall and flooding, which follows a holistic and multi-stakeholder approach, integrating architectural, socio-economic, and cultural perspectives, that supports evidence-based decision-making for the sustainable development of the agents that intervene in the process. The MIVES method, based on a multiple criteria decision-analysis process and a CityGML-based data model are used for that purpose, with which a process for capturing, evaluating, and representing information in an objective, organized, and systematic way has been developed. These advantages are demonstrated through the application of that process to a case study in Donostia-San Sebastián (northern Spain), located on a river estuary in front of the sea, with a wide diversity of building styles.Item Recommendation of RILEM TC 232-TDT: test methods and design of textile reinforced concrete(SPRINGER, VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS, 2016-12) Brameshuber, W.; Hinzen, M.; Dubey, A.; Peled, A.; Mobasher, B.; Bentur, A.; Aldea, C.; Silva, F.; Hegger, J.; Gries, T.; Wastiels, J.; Malaga, K.; Papanicolau, C.; Taerwe, L.; Curbach, M.; Mechtcherine, V.; Naaman, A.; Orlowsky, J.; Hamelin, P.; Reinhardt, H.W.; Shah, S.; Toledo, R.; Triantafillou, T.; Larbi, A.; Garcia, D.; Garmendia, Leire; Gopinath, S.; Jesse, F.Uniaxial tensile test: test method to determine the load bearing behavior of tensile specimens made of textile reinforced concreteItem Strengthening masonry vaults with organic and inorganic composites:An experimental approach: An experimental approach(2015-11-15) Garmendia, Leire; Larrinaga, Pello; San-Mateos, Rosa; San-Jose, Jose Tomas; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; E&I SEGURAS Y RESILIENTESPolymer-reinforced fibers are now commonly applied to buildings for structural retrofitting purposes. These materials add greater tensile strength to structures, at the expense of a slight increase in weight. However, they also have other disadvantages such as brittle behavior and lack of water vapor permeability, which are not desired in the conservation of heritage buildings. Alternative composite materials embedded in an inorganic matrix are presented, which solve some of the drawbacks associated with organic matrices. Long steel fibers and basalt textiles are applied to the resistant core of the inorganic matrix to produce a steel-basalt reinforced mortar-based composite. Firstly, a mechanical characterization of the individual components and the resulting material was performed. Secondly, non-strengthened and strengthened real-scale (2.98 m span, 1.46 m high and 0.77 m deep) brick masonry vaults were tested up to failure, in order to demonstrate the mechanical effectiveness of these composite materials. Finally, a comparison between two mortar composite materials (steel-strips/basalt-textiles embedded in a polymer matrix) was performed, with the same real-scale brick-vault failure tests. The experimental campaign demonstrates that the steel/basalt composite mortar is a feasible alternative, which is physically compatible with masonry structures, easy to apply, and effective for the reinforcement of brick vaults.Item Vulnerability assessment of cultural heritage sites towards flooding events(2018-06-18) Gandini, Alessandra; Egusquiza, Aitziber; Garmendia, Leire; San-José, José-Tomás; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAHistoric sites are threatened by diverse weather patterns, mainly due to global climate change, such as sea-level rise and increasing frequency of storms and other extreme precipitation events. As climate change is becoming an increasing urban problem, heritage located in this context is considered as a sensitive and vulnerable element of the city. Adaptation should be oriented to a sustainable transformation of the historic city, leading to more resilient and safe environments. Risk-based approaches should incorporate an assessment of sensitiveness and capacity to adapt to these hazards. Vulnerability is often assessed on a large scale (e.g. regional, local) and buildings are not considered as part of the urban environment, while conservation is often developed on the operational scale of a monument or site. Management of cultural heritage requires therefore for an urban approach, which considers all the elements and buildings as part of the urban environment. Research presented in this paper describes a methodological approach (MIVES - Integrated Value Model for Sustainability Assessment) for vulnerability assessment of historic sites, supported by multilevel indicators (urban, building, element), in order to provide an informed decision-making. The solution proposed in based on an organised and structures decision tree, which provides a comparable and unique vulnerability index on the building level.