Browsing by Author "Gandini, Alessandra"
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Item ADAPTATION TO FLOODING EVENTS THROUGH VULNERABILITY MAPPING IN HISTORIC URBAN AREAS(2018-03-06) Gandini, Alessandra; Prieto, Iñaki; Garmendia, Leire; San-José, José Tomás; Egusquiza, Aitziber; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANA; Tecnalia Research & InnovationHistoric urban areas are complex and inter-reliant systems, vulnerable to natural hazards. Over the recent years, the increase frequency in extreme precipitation events and sea-level rise, have impacted on a large number of historic areas, growing concern over disaster mitigation related to climate change. Most of the changes in the climatological indicators may have adverse impacts on historic areas, leading to physical, social and cultural consequences and should be included in urban planning practice. The importance of addressing cultural heritage in disaster risk has also been included in The Sendai Framework, considering the dimensions of vulnerability, adaptive capacity and exposure through systematic evaluation. Urban planning decisions involve an understanding of complex interactions between different aspects of the city, in its constructive, social, economic, environmental and cultural system. The analysis of these interactions requires a systemic approach as the components operate on different spatial and temporal scales and generate a large amount of data. This information can be used to determine the vulnerability of historic areas by assessing it at the building level, through the creation of typologies representing the building stock, often characterized by similarities and common constructive elements. The comprehension of the information can be supported and homogenized by a multi-scale urban model, to facilitate the understanding of interactions and the link among the different disciplines involved. This paper describes the methodology proposed for vulnerability mapping in historic urban areas, by using a categorization method supported by an information strategy and a multiscale urban model.Item Characterization and thermal performance evaluation of infrared reflective coatings compatible with historic buildings(2018-04-15) Becherini, Francesca; Lucchi, Elena; Gandini, Alessandra; Casado Barrasa, Maria; Troi, Alexandra; Roberti, Francesca; Sachini, Maria; Di Tuccio, Maria Concetta; Garmendia Arrieta, Leire; Pockelé, Luc; Bernardi, Adriana; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANATwo infrared reflective coatings recently developed as part of the EFFESUS European research project are characterized and evaluated in this paper. Thermal performance, durability, compatibility with historic fabric, and reversibility are all analysed. The results of extensive research that include laboratory analysis of selected substrates, measurements on a large-scale traditional masonry mock-up, thermodynamic simulations, and finally application in to a real historic building in Istanbul, all support the potential of the new coatings to improve the thermal performance of historic buildings, in keeping with their visual integrity and cultural value. Besides their reflective properties, proven by the thermal stress reductions on the treated surfaces, the new coatings are characterized by low visual impact, easy application, material compatibility, and reversibility after application, as well as durability over time.Item Climate change risk assessment: A holistic multi-stakeholder methodology for the sustainable development of cities: A holistic multi-stakeholder methodology for the sustainable development of cities(2021-02) Gandini, Alessandra; Quesada, Laura; Prieto, Iñaki; Garmendia, Leire; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANACities are at risk due to global climate change, increasing both the frequency and the intensity of storms and extreme precipitation, sea-level rise, and other extreme weather events. Disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change should include a holistic and multi-scale perspective, to address the challenges of sustainable urban development and the conservation of the cultural value of our cities. In this research, an integral multi-stakeholder methodological approach is presented for risk assessment, supported by a data-collection and analysis strategy and a multi-scale urban model based on CityGML. A method of sampling buildings is presented together with the necessary data analysis, in order to perform the analysis at city scale. The methodology is implemented in Donostia- San Sebastián (northern Spain), a city located alongside a river estuary on the coastline. A sample of 2262 buildings are analyzed with varied characteristics at risk of extreme precipitation and/or storm surges and sea-level rise. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the methodology at generating a unique risk index through a balance between the resources for data collection and the accuracy of the results, supported by a graphical 3D representation to facilitate results interpretation, and the subsequent evidence-based decision-making for prioritizing sustainable interventions.Item Development of a tool for tecnical damage and risk assessment in construction(2020) Garmendia, Leire; Marcos, Ignacio; Roji, Eduardo; Gandini, Alessandra; Losada, Ramon; Herrera, Jose; Atares, Fernando; Tecnalia Research & InnovationThe Spanish building construction and rehabilitation sector is regulated by the Law on Building Ordinance (Ley de Ordenación de la Edificación –LOE-) and the Building Technical Code (Código Técnico de la Edificación -CTE-). The former was enacted to protect users interests and it establishes the obligations of the agents that participate in the building process so that their responsibilities and guaranties are specified. The latter, translates the basic requirements of the LOE into technical objectives, defining the requirements to be fulfilled by buildings. With the entry into force of the LOE, the ten-year warranty is the only one that has been materialized through the hiring of a ten-year insurance. Since 2016, various meetings have taken place among the different agents involved in the construction sector, the Ministry of Development (Area of architecture, housing and soil), and representatives of political parties from the parliament, in order to study the opportunity of the compulsory subscription of three-year guarantees. Nevertheless, it still has not had a specific answer from insurers mainly due to the lack of definition of the extension of “damage” and uncertainty in the quantification of the risk. This paper presents the development of a tool that will allow to assess technical damages along the building process and manage technical risks by the implementation of a sustainable and continuous improvement to ensure adequate response (technically and economically) of the building agents to end users, in line with the guarantees required by law. The methodology identifies existing constructive typologies for every building components and their common pathologies, establishing their origin and the corresponding law compliance breaches. Then, an objective criterion to identify, assess and manage existing risk is presented.Item Do we know how urban heritage is being endangered by climate change? A systematic and critical review(2021-11) Quesada-Ganuza, Laura; Garmendia, Leire; Roji, Eduardo; Gandini, Alessandra; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAIt is worldwide accepted that climate change is affecting cities and that the conservation of the cultural heritage contributes to sustainable development. However, despite the high level of interest and research in climate-change risks on socioeconomic, urban and natural systems, studies that assess climate change impacts on urban cultural heritage and contribute to a holistic understanding on the subject present noticeable gaps in knowledge. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to assess the state-of- the-art of cultural heritage risk assessment methodologies within urban systems in the context of climate change, specifically historic urban areas. For this purpose, a systematic search was applied using Web of Science and Scopus. The search identified and characterized existing methodologies on vulnerability and risk assessment for cultural heritage in a changing climate following the PRISMA protocol, and it synthesized knowledge gaps to be addressed in the near future. This study aims to bring risk assessment methodologies closer to urban planners for more efficient climate change adaptation policies. The research concluded that there is an unbalance between the amount of methodologies for the different climate change derived hazards and their impacts on historic urban areas. The amount of methodologies focused on flooding highlights that further research is needed for other relevant hazards, like heat and cold waves, that contribute to a holistic perspective.Item A holistic and multi-stakeholder methodology for vulnerability assessment of cities to flooding and extreme precipitation events(2020-12) Gandini, Alessandra; Garmendia, Leire; Prieto, Iñaki; Álvarez, Irantzu; San-José, José-Tomás; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAOver recent years, the frequency and intensity of torrential rain and flooding events linked to climate change have been impacting on cities throughout the world. Adaptation to climate change must therefore be integrated into urban planning and coupled with sustainable urban development and conservation policies. To do so, a good understanding of the vulnerability of cities to these extreme events is necessary, lending special attention to the specifics of the different urban areas, such as historic city centres. In the present study, a vulnerability evaluation methodology is presented for cities against extreme rainfall and flooding, which follows a holistic and multi-stakeholder approach, integrating architectural, socio-economic, and cultural perspectives, that supports evidence-based decision-making for the sustainable development of the agents that intervene in the process. The MIVES method, based on a multiple criteria decision-analysis process and a CityGML-based data model are used for that purpose, with which a process for capturing, evaluating, and representing information in an objective, organized, and systematic way has been developed. These advantages are demonstrated through the application of that process to a case study in Donostia-San Sebastián (northern Spain), located on a river estuary in front of the sea, with a wide diversity of building styles.Item Systemic Innovation Areas for Heritage-Led Rural Regeneration: A Multilevel Repository of Best Practices: A multilevel repository of best practices(2021-04-30) Egusquiza, Aitziber; Zubiaga, Mikel; Gandini, Alessandra; de Luca, Claudia; Tondelli, Simona; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAThis paper presents the result of the analysis of the data gathered from 20 Role Models (RM) case studies regarding their successful heritage-led rural regeneration models. For the study and comparison of the narratives of these Role Models two tools were used: the Community Capitals Framework, which studied the transference of capitals in each process and the identification of six Systemic Innovation Areas that allow this capital transference. A multilevel repository of best practices has been developed allowing the identification of common features, mechanisms for mobilisation of capitals and required resources that will facilitate the replication in other rural areas. The results of this work support the acknowledgement of the contribution of culture, together with cultural and natural heritage, to economic growth, social inclusion and environmental sustainability in rural areas reinforcing the role of culture as the fourth pillar of sustainable development.Item Towards Smarter Management of Overtourism in Historic Centres Through Visitor-Flow Monitoring(2019-12-01) Zubiaga, Mikel; Izkara, Jose Luis; Gandini, Alessandra; Alonso, Itziar; Saralegui, Unai; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANA; DIGITALIZACIÓN Y AUTOMATIZACIÓN DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓNHistoric centres are highly regarded destinations for watching and even participating in diverse and unique forms of cultural expression. Cultural tourism, according to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), is an important and consolidated tourism sector and its strong growth is expected to continue over the coming years. Tourism, the much dreamt of redeemer for historic centres, also represents one of the main threats to heritage conservation: visitors can dynamize an economy, yet the rapid growth of tourism often has negative effects on both built heritage and the lives of local inhabitants. Knowledge of occupancy levels and flows of visiting tourists is key to the efficient management of tourism; the new technologies—the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and geographic information systems (GIS)—when combined in interconnected networks represent a qualitative leap forward, compared to traditional methods of estimating locations and flows. A methodology is described in this paper for the management of tourism flows that is designed to promote sustainable tourism in historic centres through intelligent support mechanisms. As part of the Smart Heritage City (SHCITY) project, a collection system for visitors is developed. Following data collection via monitoring equipment, the analysis of a set of quantitative indicators yields information that can then be used to analyse visitor flows; enabling city managers to make management decisions when the tourism-carrying capacity is exceeded and gives way to overtourism.Item Vulnerability assessment of cultural heritage sites towards flooding events(2018-06-18) Gandini, Alessandra; Egusquiza, Aitziber; Garmendia, Leire; San-José, José-Tomás; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; LABORATORIO DE TRANSFORMACIÓN URBANAHistoric sites are threatened by diverse weather patterns, mainly due to global climate change, such as sea-level rise and increasing frequency of storms and other extreme precipitation events. As climate change is becoming an increasing urban problem, heritage located in this context is considered as a sensitive and vulnerable element of the city. Adaptation should be oriented to a sustainable transformation of the historic city, leading to more resilient and safe environments. Risk-based approaches should incorporate an assessment of sensitiveness and capacity to adapt to these hazards. Vulnerability is often assessed on a large scale (e.g. regional, local) and buildings are not considered as part of the urban environment, while conservation is often developed on the operational scale of a monument or site. Management of cultural heritage requires therefore for an urban approach, which considers all the elements and buildings as part of the urban environment. Research presented in this paper describes a methodological approach (MIVES - Integrated Value Model for Sustainability Assessment) for vulnerability assessment of historic sites, supported by multilevel indicators (urban, building, element), in order to provide an informed decision-making. The solution proposed in based on an organised and structures decision tree, which provides a comparable and unique vulnerability index on the building level.