TECNALIA Publications Repository :: Browsing by Author "Fernandez, Ekain"

Browsing by Author "Fernandez, Ekain"

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Advances in membranes and membrane reactors for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process for biofuel production
(2022-01-01) Liuzzi, Dalia; Fernandez, Ekain; Perez, Susana; Ipiñazar, Enrique; Arteche, Amaya; Fierro, José Luís G.; Viviente, Jose Luis; Pacheco Tanaka, David Alfredo; Rojas, Sergio; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; VALORIZACIÓN DE RESIDUOS; Mercado; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
The biomass-to-liquid (BtL) process is a promising technology to obtain clean, liquid, second-generation biofuels and chemicals. The BtL process, which comprises several steps, is based upon the gasification of biomass and the catalytic transformation of the syngas that is obtained via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction, producing a hydrocarbon pool known as syncrude. The FTS process is a well-established technology, and there are currently very large FTS plants operating worldwide that produce liquid fuels and hydrocarbons from natural gas (NG) (gas-to-liquids, GtL process) and coal (coal-to-liquids, CtL process). Due to the limited availability of local biomass, the size of the BtL plants should be downscaled compared to that of a GtL or CtL plant. Since the feasibility of the XtL (X refers to any energy source that can be converted to liquid, including coal, NG, biomass, municipal solid waste, etc.) processes is strongly influenced by the economies of scale, the viability of small-scale BtL plants can be compromised. An interesting approach to overcome this issue is to increase the productivity of the FTS process by developing reactors and catalysts with higher productivities to generate the desired product fraction. Recently, by integrating membrane reactors with the FTS process the gas feeding and separation unit have been demonstrated in a single reactor. In this review, the most significant achievements in the field of catalytic membrane reactors for the FTS process will be discussed. Different types of membranes and configurations of membrane reactors, including H2O separation and H2-feed distribution, among others, will be analyzed.
Catalytic membrane reactor for the production of biofuels
(2016-06-15) Liuzzi, Dalia; Pérez-Alonso, Francisco José; Fierro, José Luis G.; Rojas, Sergio; Van Wijk, Frank L.; Roghair, Ivo; Van Sint Annaland, Martin; Fernandez, Ekain; Viviente, Jose Luis; Tanaka, D. A.Pacheco; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
The H2-distributed feeding concept using Pd/Ag-based membranes and an Ru-based catalyst in a Packed Bed Membrane Reactor (H2-PBMR) for the synthesis of biofuels via the so-called Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis has been demonstrated. The most successful approach resulted when H2-poor syngas (H2/CO = 1) typically obtained from the gasification of biomass was fed directly through the reaction chamber, i.e., to the catalyst bed, whereas the H2 needed to reach the proper stoichiometry for the FTS (H2/CO = 2) was admitted, and properly distributed, into the catalyst bed through the Pd/Ag-based membrane by flowing H2/He mixtures at the retentate side of the membrane. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the CO conversion measured with the H2-distributed feeding concept is lower than that obtained in a conventional Packed Bed Reactor with H2/CO = 2 (37.9 vs 50.7%), but significantly higher than that obtained in a conventional reactor with H2/CO = 1 (14.1%). Remarkably, the productivity towards high-molecular hydrocarbons increases by almost 70% and the methane production decreases by one order of magnitude when using the H2-distributed feeding concept in a Packed Bed Membrane Reactor.
Development of highly permeable ultra-thin Pd-based supported membranes
(2016-12-01) Fernandez, Ekain; Sanchez-Garcia, Jose Angel; Melendez, Jon; Spallina, Vincenzo; van Sint Annaland, Martin; Gallucci, Fausto; Pacheco Tanaka, D. A.; Prema, Radha; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
This paper reports the preparation and characterization of ultra-thin (∼1 μm thick) Pd-based supported membranes for hydrogen purification. Ultra-thin membranes have been prepared by a combination of PVD magnetron sputtering and electroless plating techniques. The membranes have been characterized for single gas and mix gas permeation at temperatures between 350 and 500 °C and they have shown to exhibit very high hydrogen fluxes combined with a good perm-selectivity (H2/N2 ≈ 500). These results have been compared with the performance of highly permeable membranes reported in the literature. The influence of the morphology of the deposited Pd-based layers on the membrane performance has been investigated and discussed.
Development of thin Pd-Ag supported membranes for fluidized bed membrane reactors including WGS related gases
(2015-03-02) Fernandez, Ekain; Helmi, Arash; Coenen, Kai; Melendez, Jon; Viviente, Jose Luis; Pacheco Tanaka, David Alfredo; Van Sint Annaland, Martin; Gallucci, Fausto; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
This paper reports the preparation, characterization and stability tests of Pd-based thin membranes for fluidized bed membrane reactor applications. Various thin membranes have been prepared by simultaneous Pd-Ag electroless plating. A simple technique for sealing of the produced membranes is reported and discussed. The membranes have been characterized for single gas permeation, and afterwards used for permeation of mixtures of gases and under fluidization conditions. The membranes have shown very high permeation rates and perm-selectivity when used as permeators. When applied in fluidized bed reactors it has been found that the membranes are stable as long as no interaction between the fluidization catalyst and the membrane surface occurs. For some catalysts a strong chemical interaction between the catalyst and the membrane surface has been observed which caused a drastic decrease in the membrane flux.
Effect of Au addition on hydrogen permeation and the resistance to H2S on Pd-Ag alloy membranes
(2017) Melendez, Jon; de Nooijer, Niek; Coenen, Kai; Fernandez, Ekain; Viviente, Jose Luis; van Sint Annaland, Martin; Arias, P. L.; Tanaka, D. A.Pacheco; Gallucci, Fausto; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
In order to make a detailed comparison between Pd-Ag and Pd-Ag-Au membranes according to their H2 permeation properties and sulfide resistance Au was deposited by the electroless plating (ELP) technique onto one half of Pd-Ag membranes. Membranes' thicknesses are ranged between 2.45 and 3.13 µm. Permeation tests have been carried out from 400 to 600 °C under single gas conditions. The Pd91.7Ag4.8Au3.5 membrane has shown a H2 permeance of 4.71·10−3 mol s−1 m−2 Pa0.5 at 600 °C, which is one of the highest values ever reported in the literature, where the Pd-Ag-Au membranes have exhibited higher hydrogen permeation rates compared to their respective Pd-Ag membranes above 550 °C. The H2 permeation properties have been determined in terms of the degree of H2S inhibition, up to 17 ppm, and subsequent H2 flux recovery rate. Pd-Ag membranes alloyed with gold resisted 12.5 h of H2S exposure showing recovery rates of 85% and 83% for Pd91.5Ag4.7Au3.8 and Pd90.5Ag4.6Au4.9 membranes, respectively, whereas the hydrogen flux of non-gold membranes decreased below detectable values. H2/N2 ideal perm-selectivity of the Pd-Ag membrane was reduced to 18 after H2S tests (starting from > 1308) while Pd-Ag-Au membranes showed a better resistance to sulfur with H2/N2 selectivity values of 793 and 121 (starting from > 4115 and > 2557 respectively). No evidence of the formation of a crystalline sulfide phase on the Pd-Ag-Au alloy membrane surfaces was found in the XRD patterns after H2S exposure and also XPS characterization did not show important changes in the composition before and after the H2S exposure tests. However, SEM images showed a decrease in the thickness of the Pd-Ag membrane and signs of corrosion and roughening on its surface, while gold-alloyed membranes did not show any damage.
Enabling the injection of hydrogen in high-pressure gas grids: Investigation of the impact on materials and equipment
(2024-01-02) Sánchez-Laínez, Javier; Cerezo, Alberto; Storch de Gracia, Ma Dolores; Aragón, Jorge; Fernandez, Ekain; Madina, Virginia; Gil, Vanesa; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; MATERIALES PARA CONDICIONES EXTREMAS
Green hydrogen is a renewable gas that can help to reach the goal of decarbonizing the energy sector. The use of the natural gas grid for seasonal storage and transport of hydrogen needs previous assessment of its tolerance, ensuring safe and viable operation. In this work, the tolerance of the most typical material pipelines and key elements of high-pressure gas grids to the transport of 20 mol% hydrogen blends at 80 barg has been investigated at pilot scale. For this, the experimental campaign carried out at a testing platform replicating a high-pressure gas grid lasted 3000 h. The tightness of different kind of valves led to hydrogen losses below 1 Nml·h−1. No embrittlement or other kind of damage was found on these valves or the different parts of the equipment (regulator, flowmeter) tested. C-ring, 4pb and CT-WOL specimens have been prepared from carbon steel pipes (API5L Gr X42 to X70), showing no damage after exposure to hydrogen. H2/CH4 deblending has also been successfully achieved using Pd-based membrane technology, obtaining a high-purity separated streams.
Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactors for Ultra Pure H2 Production - A Step forward towards Commercialization
(2016-03-19) Helmi, Arash; Fernandez, Ekain; Melendez, Jon; Pacheco Tanaka, David A.; Gallucci, Fausto; van Sint Annaland, Martin; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
In this research the performance of a fluidized bed membrane reactor for high temperature water gas shift and its long term stability was investigated to provide a proof-of-concept of the new system at lab scale. A demonstration unit with a capacity of 1 Nm3/h of ultra-pure H2 was designed, built and operated over 900 h of continuous work. Firstly, the performance of the membranes were investigated at different inlet gas compositions and at different temperatures and H2 partial pressure differences. The membranes showed very high H2 fluxes (3.89E 6 mol m 2 Pa 1 s 1 at 400 C and 1 atm pressure difference) with a H2/N2 ideal perm-selectivity (up to 21,000 when integrating five membranes in the module) beyond the DOE 2015 targets. Monitoring the performance of the membranes and the reactor confirmed a very stable performance of the unit for continuous high temperature water gas shift under bubbling fluidization conditions. Several experiments were carried out at different temperatures, pressures and various inlet compositions to determine the optimum operating window for the reactor. The obtained results showed high hydrogen recovery factors, and very low CO concentrations at the permeate side (in average <10 ppm), so that the produced hydrogen can be directly fed to a low temperature PEM fuel cell.
H2BASQUE - TECHNOLOGIES FOR BOOSTING THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY: GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
(International Association for Hydrogen Energy, IAHE, 2022) Fernandez, Ekain; Sanchez, Beatriz Calleja; Alcaide, Francisco; Doppiu, Stefania; Oregui-Bengoechea, Mikel; Berasategui, Eva G.; Unzueta, Elias; Irigoyen, Jone; Dincer, Ibrahim; Colpan, Can Ozgur; Ezan, Mehmet Akif; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO
H2BASQUE is a strategic project funded by the Basque Government for developing innovative technologies (and their key components) for cost-competitive green hydrogen production. The green production technologies that will be developed in H2BASQUE are AEM electrolysis, PEM electrolysis and thermochemical cycles. In addition, this project at improving the scientific-technological and commercial positioning of the Basque Network of Science, Technology and Innovation and Basque companies in the hydrogen sector and in particular in green hydrogen generation technologies.
Influence of H2S on the hydrogen flux of thin-film PdAgAu membranes
(2020-03-04) de Nooijer, Niek; Sanchez, Julio Davalos; Melendez, Jon; Fernandez, Ekain; Pacheco Tanaka, David Alfredo; van Sint Annaland, Martin; Gallucci, Fausto; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
Pd-based membranes have the potential to be used for hydrogen purification and production in membrane reactors. However, the presence of impurities in the feedstock, such as H2S can poison the membrane, thus decreasing the hydrogen permeation by blocking and deactivating active sites of the Pd-alloy on the membrane surface. H2S at high concentrations can even destroy the membrane by the formation of Pd4S. It is known that alloying of Pd with Au enhances the membrane resistance to H2S. This work reports the performance of six PdAgAu/Al2O3 supported membranes, prepared by electroless plating combined with PVD under exposure to trace amounts (<2 ppm) of H2S. The Au content shows not to play a significant role at these low concentrations. Exposure results suggest a dual influence of physisorbed H2S and chemisorbed S species. A Langmuir description shows that the influence of the partial pressure of hydrogen is negligible on the flux inhibition. In the post characterization the absence of Pd4S was shown, however the surface was affected by the exposure to H2S.
INJECTION OF HYDROGEN INTO HIGH PRESSURE NATURAL GAS GRIDS: INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT ON MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT AT RELEVANT ENVIRONMENT
(International Association for Hydrogen Energy, IAHE, 2022) Gil, Vanesa; Sánchez-Laínez, Javier; Cerezo-Alarcón, Alberto; de Gracia, María Dolores Storch; Fernandez, Ekain; Madina, Virginia; Dincer, Ibrahim; Colpan, Can Ozgur; Ezan, Mehmet Akif; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; MATERIALES PARA CONDICIONES EXTREMAS
This work addresses the potential of hydrogen injection into the transmission high pressure natural gas grid as way to decarbonise the gas system and gas uses. To achieve this potential, knowledge gaps have to be covered considering the current know-how on how different concentrations of hydrogen gas could affect the infrastructure and its components. The activities are developed within the frame of HIGGS (FCH 2JU funded project, No. 875091). An R&D platform working at high pressure has been developed in HIGGS to achieve advance the knowledge on operation of hydrogen admixtures in the high-pressure natural gas grid, simulating the operational conditions from selected equipment, gas quality, etc. The admixture levels consider various hydrogen concentrations until reaching pure hydrogen. So far, the impact of H2/NG blends with up to 20 %vol H2 on steels and equipment has been studied through a mechanical and chemical characterization after been exposed to the blend. Membrane technology has also been tested for hydrogen recovery, using a Pd-based membrane prototype installed in the platform.
Long-Term Stability of Thin-Film Pd-Based Supported Membranes
(2019-02-01) Nooijer, Niek; Arratibel Plazaola, Alba; Meléndez Rey, Jon; Fernandez, Ekain; Pacheco Tanaka, David; Sint Annaland, Martin; Gallucci, Fausto; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO
Membrane reactors have demonstrated a large potential for the production of hydrogen via reforming of different feedstocks in comparison with other reactor types. However, the long-term performance and stability of the applied membranes are extremely important for the possible industrial exploitation of these reactors. This study investigates the long-term stability of thin-film Pd-Ag membranes supported on porous Al2O3 supports. The stability of five similarly prepared membranes have been investigated for 2650 h, up to 600 °C and in fluidized bed conditions. Results show the importance and the contribution of the sealing of the membranes at temperatures up to 500 °C. At higher temperatures the membranes surface deformation results in pinhole formation and a consequent decrease in selectivity. Stable operation of the membranes in a fluidized bed is observed up to 450 °C, however, at higher temperatures the scouring action of the particles under fluidization causes significant deformation of the palladium surface resulting in a decreased selectivity.
Morphology and N2 Permeance of Sputtered Pd-Ag Ultra-Thin Film Membranes
(2016-02-10) Fernandez, Ekain; Sanchez-Garcia, Jose Angel; Viviente, J.L.; van Sint Annaland, Martin; Gallucci, Fausto; Pacheco Tanaka, David A.; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
The influence of the temperature during the growth of Pd-Ag films by PVD magnetron sputtering onto polished silicon wafers was studied in order to avoid the effect of the support roughness on the layer growth. The surfaces of the Pd-Ag membrane films were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the results indicate an increase of the grain size from 120 to 250–270 nm and film surface roughness from 4–5 to 10–12 nm when increasing the temperature from around 360–510 K. After selecting the conditions for obtaining the smallest grain size onto silicon wafer, thin Pd-Ag (0.5–2-µm thick) films were deposited onto different types of porous supports to study the influence of the porous support, layer thickness and target power on the selective layer microstructure and membrane properties. The Pd-Ag layers deposited onto ZrO2 3-nm top layer supports (smallest pore size among all tested) present high N2 permeance in the order of 10−6 mol•m−2•s−1•Pa−1 at room temperature.
Pd-Based Membranes for High Temperature Applications: Current Status
(2016-03-29) Gallucci, Fausto; Fernandez, Ekain; Medrano, Jose Antonio; Pacheco Tanaka, David A.; van Sint Annaland, Martin; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
Not available
Pd-based metallic supported membranes: High-temperature stability and fluidized bed reactor testing
(2016-06-01) Medrano, Jose Antonio; Fernandez, Ekain; Melendez, Jon; Parco, Maria; Tanaka, David Alfredo Pacheco; Van Sint Annaland, Martin; Gallucci, Fausto; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; EXTREMAT; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
The present work focuses on the study of a metallic supported Pd-Ag membrane for high temperature applications with a particular attention to long-term stability. In this work, a metallic supported thin-film Pd-Ag membrane has been tested for more than 800 h and sustained hydrogen perm-selectivities higher than 200000 have been measured. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that there is no interaction of the membrane with the Ni/CaAl2O4 reforming catalyst particles, thus resulting in a constant permeance in the fluidized bed membrane reactor mode. The membrane has been tested under steam and autothermal reforming of methane conditions and the membrane performance has been quantified in terms of the hydrogen recovery and separation factors demonstrating a good reactor performance accomplishing an enhancement in the process efficiency by in-situ selective H2 separation. A decrease in ideal perm-selectivity has been observed at high temperatures (600°C). Small defects at the Pd/Ag surface as a result of interaction of the Pd/Ag later with the metallic support have been observed in after test membrane characterization, which provides appreciated information for the improvement in the performance and production of future membranes.
Preparation and characterization of ceramic supported ultra-thin (~1 µm) Pd-Ag membranes
(2017) Melendez, Jon; Fernandez, Ekain; Gallucci, Fausto; van Sint Annaland, Martin; Arias, P. L.; Pacheco Tanaka, David A.; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
This work reports the preparation and characterization of ultra-thin (~1 µm thick) Pd-Ag supported membranes for hydrogen purification. Ultra-thin membranes with different thicknesses (ranging from 0.46 to 1.29 µm) have been prepared by electroless plating (ELP) technique onto asymmetric tubular porous alumina supports. The membranes have been characterized by single gas and mixed gas permeation experiments at temperatures between 300 and 500 °C obtaining a correlation for the membrane permeation as a function of the activation energy and the membrane thickness. Hydrogen permeation results of the ultra-thin Pd-Ag membranes have been compared with other highly permeable membranes reported in the literature and they show some of the highest H2permeance values. A 1.29 µm thick membrane has been tested for 1000 h at 400 °C and has shown a stable H2permeance of 9.0−9.4×10−6mol m−2s−1Pa−1with a H2/N2perm-selectivity between 3300 and 2000 at 100 kPa transmembrane pressure difference. The same membrane has been tested with a feed gas mixture of H2/N2/CO with a 15% CO content and H2binary mixtures containing N2, CH4and CO2. When tested in a catalyst fluidization environment during 100 h, the 1.29 µm thick membrane showed stable H2permeance and H2/N2perm-selectivity.
Preparation and characterization of metallic supported thin Pd–Ag membranes for hydrogen separation
(2016-12-01) Fernandez, Ekain; Medrano, Jose Antonio; Melendez, Jon; Parco, Maria; Viviente, Jose Luis; van Sint Annaland, Martin; Gallucci, Fausto; Pacheco Tanaka, D. A.; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; Tecnalia Research & Innovation; EXTREMAT; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
This paper reports the preparation and characterization of thin-film (4–5 μm thick) Pd–Ag metallic supported membranes for high temperature applications. Various thin film membranes have been prepared by depositing a ceramic interdiffusion barrier layer prior to the simultaneous Pd–Ag electroless plating deposition. Two deposition techniques for ceramic layers (made of zirconia and alumina) have been evaluated: Atmospheric Plasma Spraying and dip coating of a powder suspension. Initially, the prepared ceramic layers have been characterized for nitrogen permeation at room temperature and surface roughness for the selection of the appropriate type of ceramic layer. The most promising membranes have been tested at 400–600 °C for single gas permeation (H2 and N2), and have shown extremely high H2/N2 permselectivities (>200,000).
Recent advances on membranes and membrane reactors for hydrogen production
(2013-04-05) Gallucci, Fausto; Fernandez, Ekain; Corengia, Pablo; van Sint Annaland, Martin; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; GENERAL
Membranes and membrane reactors for pure hydrogen production are widely investigated not only because of the important application areas of hydrogen, but especially because mechanically and chemically stable membranes with high perm-selectivity towards hydrogen are available and are continuously further improved in terms of stability and hydrogen flux. Membrane reactors are (multiphase) reactors integrating catalytic reactions (generally reforming and water gas shift reactions for hydrogen production) and separation through membranes in a single unit. This combination of process steps results in a high degree of process integration/intensification, with accompanying benefits in terms of increased process or energy efficiencies and reduced reactor or catalyst volume. The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in hydrogen selective membranes (from palladium-based to silica and proton conductors) along with the advances for the different types of membrane reactors available (from packed bed to fluidized bed, from micro-reactors to bio-membrane reactors). In addition, the application of membrane reactors for hydrogen production from different feedstock is also discussed.
Systematic experimental assessment of concentration polarization and inhibition in Pd-based membranes for hydrogen purification
(2021-03) Tosto, Eleonora; Martinez-Diaz, David; Sanz, Raúl; Azzato, Giulia; Calles, José Antonio; Medrano, José Antonio; Fernandez, Ekain; Pacheco Tanaka, David Alfredo; Gallucci, Fausto; Alique, David; Caravella, Alessio; TECNOLOGÍAS DE HIDRÓGENO; TECNOLOGÍA DE MEMBRANAS E INTENSIFICACIÓN DE PROCESOS
In this work, we show the application of a systematic general experimental analysis to estimate in a relatively easy way the paired effects of concentration polarization and inhibition in the hydrogen permeation through diverse supported Pd-based membranes as functions of temperature and mixture composition. For this purpose, three different membranes are fabricated and tested under pure‑hydrogen and binary-mixture of H2-N2 and H2-CO. The former mixture is used to quantify the concentration polarization influence only, whereas the latter is used to quantify the overall combined effect of polarization and inhibition. Manipulating the two effects, we finally obtain the influence of inhibition only. As main results, a maximum overall permeation reduction of around 35%, 55% and 45% is evaluated for Mem#1, for Mem#2, for Mem#3, respectively. Moreover, a maximum concentration polarization coefficient of around 2.5%, 19% and 12% and a maximum inhibition coefficient of 32%, 45% and 40% are respectively evaluated. These values state the importance of having a tool able to take into account these detrimental phenomena in designing ultra-thin-membrane equipment, remarking that the same approach can be applied to other types of metal membranes as well.

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